Asthma:Annotated Bibliography
Asthma:Annotated Bibliography
Erle,J. & Sheppard, D. (2014). The cell biology of asthma. Journalof Cell Biology,205 (5), 621-631.
Thepurpose of the empirical study conducted by Erle and Sheppard was todetermine different abnormalities that affect the airways, leading toasthma. The independent variables considered in the paper include thecontraction of smooth muscles and inflammation of epithelial cells.The dependent variable is the occurrence of asthma. The abnormalitiesthat reduce the capacity of the respiratory system to function can beattributed to different factors. For example, inflammation ofepithelial layer that provides the primary defense for the airwayscan be caused by pathogens, mechanical injuries, inhalation ofparticulates, or allergens. The contraction of the smooth muscles isthe leading cause of death among the asthmatic patients.
Erleand Sheppard found out that the injuries that affect the epitheliacells lead to remodeling of the airways in a manner that limits theamount of air that can pass through. Contraction of the smoothmuscles, on the other hand, reduces the size of the tubes. Thislimits the functionality of the airways, leading to the occurrence ofasthma or death. The findings reported in the article generate anidea that researchers and nurses can try to control or prevent asthmaby normalizing smooth muscles and epithelial layers along thebreathing system.
Oneof the key pieces of information learned from this article is thefact that asthma is a disease that is caused by abnormalitiesaffecting two different types of cells. Its content will be used toadvance the argument that the damage on each layer leads to adissimilar impact, but both of them limit the ability of the patientto breathe normally.
Fahy,V. (2015). Type 2 inflammations in asthma-present in most, absent inmany. Naturereviews Immunology,15 (1), 57-65.
Thepurpose of Fahy’s article is to explore the role that the type 2inflammation has in the occurrence of asthma. The author advances anargument that most of the therapeutic strategies used to treat thisimmunological illnesses focus on its level of severity, instead ofbasing the solution to the underlying mechanism. Therefore, type 2inflammation is the independent variable while asthma is thedependent factor considered in the article.
Fahyfound out that the type 2 inflammation response begins duringchildhood. It is caused by exposure to viral infection or differentenvironmental stimuli, such as smoke, oxidants, and other airbornepollutants. These components initiate the production of IL-25, TSLP,or IL-33, which is the genesis of asthma. The findings can be appliedin the clinical settings to motivate nurses to focus on reducing theprevalence of the diseases by containing its mechanism of occurrence.
Thearticle introduces a unique piece of information indicating that therisk of suffering from asthma starts from childhood, depending onwhether an individual have been exposed to pollutants and pathogens.Its content will be used to support the notion that effectiveprevention strategies should focus on the process through which thedisease takes place, instead of the level of severity.
Kudo,M., Ishigatsubo, Y. & Aoki, I. (2013). Pathology of asthma.Frontiersin Microbiology,4, 1-15.
Thepurpose of this article is to discuss the pathology of asthma, whichis an inflammatory condition that affects millions of people in theworld. The authors hold that the disease is caused by an increase inhyper-responsiveness as well as the obstruction of the airways.Therefore, the dependent variable is the occurrence of asthma.Inflammation of the airways is the independent factor in the studyreported in the article.
Thefindings reported in this article indicate that the airway remodelingis caused by the inflammation, leading to the onset of symptoms ofasthma. Clinicians and nurses can use the findings to study theprocess of airway remodeling in order to find more effectivetreatment strategies.
Thearticle informs that there are different biological agents that causeeosinophilic inflammation and an increase in the levels of IgE. Itscontent will be used to advance an argument that the stakeholders inthe health care sector can direct their efforts towards theidentification of strategies that can be used to control the keyagents that cause an increase in the level of factors that lead toswellings of the airways.
References
Erle,J. & Sheppard, D. (2014). The cell biology of asthma. Journalof Cell Biology,205 (5), 621-631.
Fahy,V. (2015). Type 2 inflammations in asthma-present in most, absent inmany. Naturereviews Immunology,15 (1), 57-65.
Kudo,M., Ishigatsubo, Y. & Aoki, I. (2013). Pathology of asthma.Frontiersin Microbiology,4, 1-15.
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