Day: June 15, 2020

HealthInformation Management Assignment 3

Chapter5

1. What are the three formats commonly used for a paper-based health record?

Theformats used in a paper-based health record are Unstructured or lessstructured free text and the standardized format which mainlyinvolves coding.

2. How can the data in a health record assist the media?

Datain a health record can be used in cases where diagnoses for patientsare needed for decision making, record keeping and in aidingtreatment.

3. What are the features typically found in a personal health record?

Apersonal health record has to include details of the visits to thehealth facility, the family history, information about any conditionsof the patient, drug taken and information of any other diseases orany procedures administered to the patient.

4. What forms design issues exist with regard to the electronic health record context?

Usability,safety, quality, and efficiency

5. What is an incident report? Is it filed with the health record? Why or why not?

Anincident report is a form usually filled to record any occurrenceswhether illness, accidents or any damages of an individual. Yes, itis filed in a health record for decision-making purposes.

6. Name some examples of a numeric record identification system.

Theyinclude serial numbering and unit numbering.

7. What advantages are offered by a digital imaging system?&nbsp

Fasterscanning, better image qualities, more storage options, Images storedcan easily be transferred hence portable.

8. What is a certificate of destruction and why is it important?&nbsp

Acertificate of destruction shows records of the items destroyed, thenumber of documents destroyed, the method of destruction employed,and the date which they were destroyed. It is provided by thedestruction or record storage company mandated to destroy thoseitems. It serves to show the listed items were destroyed and it isimportant in cases of an audit.

9. What are the similarities and differences between a master patient index and a number index?&nbsp

Bothhold relevant information about the patients and the staff. A masterpatient record does not provide a clear flow of information exchangehence can lead to the disruption of information.

10. How does a cancer registry differ from other registries?

Itdiffers with other registries in that the cancer registry works bygathering information about the patient. This information includesthe name of the patient, address, age, race, ethnicity the insurancepolicy and any other information. It sends it to the central cancerregistry the state keeps checking the information to ensure it iscorrect and none is missing, and then it sends to the Nationalprogram of Cancer Registries.

Chapter6

1. Why did SNOP fall out of favor with the health care field?&nbsp

SNOPentails the systematic nomenclature in pathology. Brought up by theAmerican College of Pathologists, this system has been vital in theclassification of pathological specimens. Although preferred by manypathology departments, it lost favor gradually because it was focusedon systematized nomenclatures by accrediting agencies.

2. Explain the role of the Metathesaurus in the Unified Medical Language System.&nbsp

Metathesaurusgives an integrated and uniform distribution format for over onehundred biomedical classifications and vocabularies and also linksdifferent names for the same concept. It is, therefore, importantsince UMLS serves to enable computer systems to understand variousmedical meanings and in the process allow medical professionals toretrieve information from different electronic databases.

3. How do vocabularies and nomenclatures differ from classification systems?&nbsp

Avocabulary consists of many phrases or words and their respectivemeanings that have been accepted by certain groups, discipline, ororganizations to organize, express and index concepts (Peden, 2013).A classification system acts to relate same terms to each other. Anomenclature can only include terms deemed to be proper in thenomenclature whereas a classification system accommodates all termsthat can fall within a classification system.

4. &nbspWhat is meant by saying that DRGs are both statistically consistent and medically meaningful?&nbsp

DRGsare statistically consistent since patients are grouped in a distinctDRG consume the same amount of resources which can, in turn, bequantified by use of the financial cost and the length of stay. DRGsare very useful in the medical field since patients suffering fromthe same conditions can be grouped into a distinct DRG.

5. What are the three purposes served by DRGs?

Thepurposes of the DRGs include evaluating the quality care offered,calculating reimbursement, and assessing the utilization of theservices provided.

6. Name four approaches taken by health information management professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs.

Thefour approaches employed by the HIM professionals to address thesecomplexities include the use of new resources according to codingguidelines, using encoders, developing a compliance program, andfocusing on the ethical issues regarding coding.

References

Peden,A. H. (2013). Comparativehealth information management.Australia: Delmar Learning.

InstitutionAffiliation

Visualinformation, or object recognition, can be understood as the capacityto create an artificial system that works in a manner that is similarto that of an individual’s visual system (DiCarlo, Zoccolan, &ampRust, 2012).In reality, such a definition requires sets of images, measures, andtasks that have been agreed upon. These concepts, by extension,benchmark the decisions that an individual makes. In the workplace,managers put information where the employees or clients can easilysee it (BradyID,2014).Using labels to highlight safety information, identify facilities,procedures, and define how other applications work helps a company orinstitution to enhance knowledge, reduce waste, and improve overallproductivity. Thus, a lack of visual information in the workplace maylead to the development of uninformed perceptions or even confusion.The following discussion reveals my experience at a workplace where alack of information influenced my perception, how I figured out thesituation, and the factors that affect auditory and visual perceptualknowledge.

People`sperceptions determine how they understand the world. Perception canbe defined as the manner in which people interpret their experiences(Otara, 2012).Studies indicate that people understand situations, sensations, andfeelings in different ways. People use the auditory and visual cuesthat surround them to react and understand their environments.Additionally, people respond to their ideas, feelings, andexpectations based on their experiences and personalities. Inorganizations, the perceptions of leaders, managers, and employeesplay a critical role in shaping the effectiveness and climate of theorganization. Research reveals that people do not serve their valuesthey usually do what they believe will serve their values. Thispresumption has two meanings. First, a time gap always exists betweenthe mind`s consideration of a behavior and the actual behavior.Second, the period that the brain takes to process information iswhat is understood as perception. Therefore, when the employees andemployers develop attitudes that differ sharply, regarding quantity,quality, and schedules, accomplishing meaningful objectives becomesan uphill task.

Theabove premises are in tandem with my experience at one of theorganizations that I worked for in the past. For a long time, I hadheard people saying that &quotperception is a reality.&quot I didnot understand the inner meaning of this phrase until I found myselfin a situation where I lacked the visual information that I requiredto execute tasks at my workstation. I was a new employee in a localnon-governmental organization. The firm offered services likepsychological assistance to the victims of trauma, scholarships tothe needy members of society, and food to the less privileged membersof society. All the events that the organization executed had to befilled and stored safely for future reference. I was placed in thefilling section of the firm. On my first day at work, I realized thatthe storage cabinets had not been labeled thus, I found the task oflocating documents difficult and tedious. I developed a perception ofa very disorganized and incompetent management. I also thought thatthe other staff members lacked the technical capacity to executetheir tasks flawlessly.

Aftertrying to understand how to locate documents more effortlessly, Icame to the realization that rearranging the entire system would takeup too much time. Also, I had not been authorized to make any changesto the existing filling system. In the end, I decided to request oneof the staff members to advise me about the quickest way to locatefiles. My colleague pulled out a list that revealed where particulardocuments were. Each cabinet had been assigned a number, whichindicated specific records. For example, the cabinet that containedthe documents that reflected the individuals that benefited from thescholarships that the organization offered had been assigned anumber. Additionally, the files had been arranged in such as a waythat the most recent scholarship beneficiaries were placed first, sofinding particular files was easy. This realization changed myperception of the management of the organization. I realized that thefilling system was more efficient than I had presumed. I alsorealized that the employees and the management of the company werevery competent.

Variousfactors influence a person’s visual and auditory perceptualknowledge. For example, habits determine how a person reacts when hehears or sees something (Otara,2012).A soldier, for instance, will jump on the ground if he hears a loudbang. Motivation also shapes the manner in which a person reacts tothe stimuli that he considers critical to the satisfaction of hisneeds, depending on his past experiences. A thirsty individual, forexample, is more likely to perceive the signs of restaurants andhotels more easily when compared to other objects. A person`s levelof learning also defines how he understands the events that takeplace around him. Organizations benefit from leadership that isknowledgeable since such leaders inspire the development of behaviorsthat result in the efficiency and sustenance if the organization. Aperson`s specialization also determines the manner in which he electsto value particular stimuli and ignore others. For instance, adepartmental head can notice the information that concerns hisdepartment relatively quickly in a lengthy report. Finally, people`ssocial backgrounds determine how they conceptualize what they see orhear. For example, the conditions in which a person is subjected to,during his childhood years, shapes how he reacts to a rude anddissatisfied customer.

Ina recap of the above discussion, my experience in an organizationwhere a lack of information existed led me to develop a negativeattitude. However, after understanding how the company`s systemworks, my perception shifted from negative to positive. As discussedabove, various factors influence an individual`s perception. Issueslike a person`s social background, learning, motivation, andspecialization define the manner in which he understands the stimulithat surround him, as indicated above.

References

BradyID.(2014). Create a Visual Workplace. Retrieved fromhttp://static.rshughes.com/files/ama/images/pdf/brady/Create_Visual_Workplace_5S-Plus_Guide.pdf

DiCarlo,J., Zoccolan, D., &amp Rust, N. (2012). How Does the Brain SolveVisual Object Recognition?.&nbspNeuron,&nbsp73(3),415-434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.010

Otara,A. (2012). Perception: A Guide for Managers and Leaders.&nbspJournalOf Management And Strategy,&nbsp2(3).http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v2n3p21

InstitutionAffiliation

Theforeign exchange market is a structure where money from variouscountries is exchanged. By utilizing the foreign exchange market,firms can obtain and provide credit for international transactionsit is mostly used to finance the transit of goods between countries.It helps in the minimization of foreign exchange risk by providing“hedging” facilities that transfer the risk to another firm.Since the international markets involve many countries and allbusinesses want to deal with their national currency, the transfer ofpurchasing power is a service provided because operations can only bedone in a single currency. (Nassimi, Asfaranjan, Keshvarsima, &ampBaradari, 2014).

Disadvantages

Whena country’s currency strengthens, it hurts the profitability ofsome businesses that operate on a global scale. This is because thecompany’s domestic product becomes more expensive making it lesscompetitive in the international markets. The American ExpressCompany on July 2015 reported a 1.4-percent drop in shares due to a3.7-percent fall in its second-quarter earnings, this fall in shareswas caused by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar. The foreignexchange market is very volatile, and the price shifts can betriggered by factors such as a change in political dynamics, economiccycles, supply, and demand (HarvardEntrepreneurships, 2016).According to Cox and Albanese (2015), the currency of oil producingcountries weakened due to the fall in crude oil prices.

Advantages

Theforeign exchange markets provide traders with flexibility. There isno limit to the amount of money that can be used for trading, andbecause the market is open 24/7. It is also transparent because nocountry or Central Bank that can rig the prices for an extendedperiod. The variety of trading option is a bonus since firms cantrade in hundreds of currency pairs there is also a choice of spottrades or future agreements (HarvardEntrepreneurships, 2016).

References

Cox,&nbspJ.,&amp Albanese,&nbspC. (2015, July 21). Oil-sensitive currencies hitby commodity slump. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved fromhttp://www.wsj.com/articles/oil-sensitive-currencies-hit-by-commodity-slump-1437491919

HarvardEntrepreneurships.(2016, July 24). 7 risks and benefits of foreign exchange | financialand business resources, ideas, tips. Retrieved fromhttp://www.harvardentrepreneurship.org/363/7-risks-and-benefits-of-foreign-exchange.html

Nassimi,&nbspM.,Asfaranjan,&nbspY.&nbspS., Keshvarsima,&nbspA., &amp Baradari,&nbspF.(2014). Trading in the foreign exchange market (Forex): A study onpurchase intention. International Journal of Scientific andResearch Publication, 4(3), 1-10. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0314/ijsrp-p2722.pdf

HamletAnalysis

Shakespearewrote a play dubbed The Tragedy of Hamlet that has since been amongthe best and the most influential tragedies in English literature.The game features Hamlet, a character who seeks to revenge againsthis murderous uncle after killing his father. However, his actionsprompted questions over his sanity. This paper will analyze anddiscuss the actions and behavior of the character Hamlet in the playTragedy of Hamlet which was written by William Shakespeare.

“Hamletwas throughout perfectly sane, but feigned insanity” (&quotTheQuestion Of Hamlet`s Sanity – Is Hamlet`s Insanity Feigned?&quot).The author believes that all Hamlet did throughout the play was tofeign madness through the actions that he did in the quest to revengeagainst his uncle who murdered his father. In the first act in thesecond scene, Hamlet asserts that “how weary, stale, flat, andunprofitable. Seem to me all the uses of this world!”(&quotThe Question Of Hamlet`s Sanity – Is Hamlet`s InsanityFeigned?&quot).Here, Hamlet is bemoaning the death of his father. Besides, he isalso reflecting on her mothers’ marriage to his uncle. However, hersentiments have since drawn the attention of many critics who assertthat his treatment of the situation was otherwise abnormal andunexpected. In this context, Hamlet wishes that his flesh would meltso that he would die. Historians believe that human beings have fourvital components that make up their healthy and able bodies. Thecomponents include among others black and yellow bile. Thus, thesehistorians profoundly believe that Hamlet had an imbalance of bile inhis body. The condition, therefore, resulted in stability in hismind, a condition that led to weird actions.

&quotShakespeareborrows the idea of feigned madness…&quot (&quotTheQuestion Of Hamlet`s Sanity – Is Hamlet`s Insanity Feigned?&quot).Theauthor also believes that Hamlet was sane but only behaved in aquestionable manner in some instances of the play. However, Hamletwas, in fact, sane as evident in his speech regarding Yorick`s skull.His statements merely depict a person who acts foolishly but is inthe real sense very upright. In another instance, Hamlet says &quotToput an antic disposition on&quot (&quotTheQuestion Of Hamlet`s Sanity – Is Hamlet`s Insanity Feigned?&quot).in the first act, scene five. Hamlet says the above statement afterthe ghost informs him of the fact that his father is dead. Thecondition prompts him to plan on what he would do to revenge againstthe immortal uncle. The above statement is enough to confirm theauthor`s opinion that Hamlet was indeed feigning madness. Hamlettells his friends that he plans to pretend to be the maddest personever. The author hints that Shakespeare borrows the idea of madnessfrom a source that features primarily throughout the play dubbed&quotAmleth.&quot The play also has a story of a person whose unclekills his father so that he would marry her mother. The storyexplains that the individual later feigns madness and acts in a weirdmanner so that his uncle would not harm him. Thus, Hamlet is alsofeigning madness so that his uncle doesn`t know that he is aware ofthe murder. Through this, Hamlet`s uncle would not plan any evilmotives against him.

“Hamletpretends to be mad to express his feelings…”(&quotHamletMadness Quotes Page 2&quot). Theauthor is quick to assert from the start that Hamlet pretends to bemad while he is not. The author’s argument is that Hamlet performsstupid moves whenever he interacts with other people but iscivilized. One instance is his interaction with Horatio with uniqueand commendable acts. However, Hamlet only feigns craziness in othercircumstances so that he can avoid criticism of any kind togetherwith gaining information that he would otherwise have not had. Hamletdesires to “have these players play something like murder.”(&quotHamlet Madness Quotes Page 1&quot).Hamlet behaves in a rather doubtful manner while he utters the abovesentiments. He even goes ahead to tell Ophelia to lie on his lap ashe seeks to console himself on the sudden demise of his father andthe unfortunate marriage of her mother to an unforgiving uncle. Thecondition exposes his acts of insanity as he pretends to attract theattention of other players in the play including Gertrude andClaudius. All the above weird actions happen during Hamlet’sinteraction with other persons throughout the play. Thus, it becomesrather evident and clear that he does so primarily to either getinformation or attention and avoid criticisms.

“Hamlethides behind madness to commit crimes against the crown.” (&quotHamletMadness Quotes Page 3&quot). Theauthor asserts that all of Hamlet’s mad actions and reactionsprimarily seek to allow him to commit criminal activities withoutcriticism. Some of these crimes include among other mutiny andconspiracy to kill his murderous uncle. Hamlet behaves crazily to apoint where society likes him for always questioning moves that arenot straight. The condition, therefore, makes it hard for his uncleto attempt any ill motive against Hamlet such as killing him. Such anaction would prompt the people in society to protest against theirking, a condition that renders murder an almost impossible move.Besides, Hamlet appears to be a very smart individual whenever hequestions other characters throughout the play. His challenge towardsClaudius and Gertrude together with Polonius shows that he is notonly wise but also witty. Therefore, Hamlet was not crazy or mad,but only pretended to be so to gain additional privileges.

Conclusion

Theabove discussion has cemented the claim that indeed Hamlet wasfeigning madness throughout the play. First, he only acts madnesswhenever he interacts with other people but is great while he isalone. Hamlet also appears to behave crazily to avoid criticisms overhis criminal activities. In fact, Hamlet in one of the instances saysthat he plans to act wildly. Thus, Hamlet is not mad but workscrazily.

WorksCited

&quotTheQuestion Of Hamlet`s Sanity – Is Hamlet`s Insanity Feigned?&quot.Shakespeare-Online.Com,2017,http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/hamletsanity.html.

&quotHamletMadness Quotes Page 1&quot. Shmoop.Com,2017, http://www.shmoop.com/hamlet/madness-quotes.html.

SeamusHeaney’s Mid-term Break Poem Analysis

Thepoem ‘Mid-term Break’ talks about the poet’s brother who diedat the tender age of four. It is immensely moving as the speaker optsto focus on the reactions of his parents. This conveys how shockingit was for the small boy’s family. Although, in most cases, it isnot advisable to equate the persona to the poet, but in this case,both are one and the same person. In this poetry analysis, I seek todetermine how the reader is affected by order details in the‘Mid-term Break,’ the significance of imagery in the poem to thereader, and ascertain the reason why the speaker’s emotion and‘matter of fact’ tone is an important aspect of the poem.

Thepoem starts with statements devoid of emotions, stating facts. Thepersona goes on to describe the poet’s discomfort in the presenceof strangers, as his words gets complicated at this point. As thepoet reaches the point where he is alone with his dead brother, thereis a general feeling of calmness. This serenity is, however, poignantin nature. The manner in which the poet arranges details within theday is worth noting. The poet delays articulating his brother’sdeath, and at the beginning, the reader cannot pinpoint what has gonewrong. Moreover, the brother arrives as an unidentified corpse. Thisarrangement of detail presents the poet’s state of mind uponreceiving the tragic news. Right from the point when we meet himwaiting in the sick bay, the speaker is in strong denial, even whenhe arrives home, he’s yet to embrace the death of his youngerbrother. It is only after spending some time with the body of hisbrother that he seemingly accepts the inevitable.

Thepoem is profoundly sad because of its controlled tone and restraintof emotions. The speaker opts to focus on observed details whichaccumulate, thus, making the poem quite memorable. The poem beginswith a line which could easily be used to describe the day of anyboy. The second line, however, presents an atmosphere which isdownright foreboding (Heaney 985). The word ‘knell’ has been usedinstead of the tolling of a bell. This deliberate usage portendssomething sinister happening, because it is associated with the soundmade by a funeral bell. Usually, the noise of a school bell is notassociated with bereavement, but this was unusual for the poet onthis tragic day. Alliteration and rhyme are also used to lay emphasison the poem’s sad tone. The ‘C’ and ‘I’ sounds, togetherwith the internal rhyme in ‘bells’ and ‘knelling,` aid inconveying the idea of time slowing down in grief. The poet is drivenhome by a neighbor this could either express the poor economicstatus of the Heaney family, or the circumstantial inability of theparent to be present.

Stanza2 focuses on the emotional response of the poet’s father crying athis son’s funeral. This show of sentiment is contrary to the factthat his father has always been stoic during funerals. The loss ofhis four-year-old son is unbearable to the father who would usuallyoffer consolation, unlike “. . . Jim Evans” (Heaney 985, LL 6)who offers solace to the bereaved family. There is a probable pun inthis statement because, on the one hand, it refers to the emotionaldistress on the family, on the other hand, it relates to the actualimpact from the car.

Thereis yet another contrast in stanza three the baby is joyful on seeinghis older brother after so long. The child’s innocence in the wakeof grief is presented in line 7 (Heaney 985). The powerful rhythm inthe line directly contrasts the measured pace in the opening stanza.The oddity of the situation is presented in lines 9-10 (Heaney 985),where even the elderly stand for a handshake to signify respect. Thepoet is mortified by this unwitting role reversal where old men treathim with respect. They awkwardly tell him how sorry they are for histrouble. The assonance in line 11 (Heaney 985) accurately presentsthe muted atmosphere within the house.

Then,the poet presents the mother’s grief in lines 12-13 (Heaney 986).Regardless of the mother having shed enough tears, she is stillincensed by the loss of her son. There is a present time reference inline 14 showing how deeply affected the persona was that is, themoment when the brother’s dead body arrives. The mention of theword ‘corpse’ finally sheds light to the ‘trouble’ alluded toat the beginning of the poem. The speaker uses a matter-of-fact tonebecause he is still in denial. He does not yet believe his young boyin the casket is his brother.

Stanza6 recounts the poet’s visit to the brother’s room. He does notmention the brother lying dead in the room, rather, the surroundingdetails aid in painting this picture. In line 18, the ‘candles’and ‘snowdrops’ symbolize life, although they are also a funeralin a conventional way. The word “soothed” has been used two wayson the one hand, it applies to the idea that candles and flowers areplaced in the room to soothe the dead boy. On the contrary, theyprovide solace for the bereaved. Heaney then describes his brotherpowerfully yet with some emotional restraint in lines 20-22 (Heaney986).

Thelittle boy described could easily be asleep but unfortunately, thisis not the case as he will not wake up. The use of the word ‘cot’together with the mention of the word ‘pram’ in the third stanzaemphasizes how death sneaked up on a family with a young child.Additionally, it shows the dismay faced by the parents in the wake oftheir son’s untimely death. The poet has used a single lined stanzaat the end, both to lay emphasis on the dead boy’s stature as wellas his age.

Conclusion

Inconclusion, the poem ‘Mid-term Break’ presents the poet’stragic loss following the death of the young boy. The carefularrangement of detail in the poem, places the reader in youngHeaney’s shoes, as he tries nursing his grief. The imagery used bythe poet is superb since it creates a narrative effect as one readsthrough the poem. What’s more, the speaker’s tone of voiceportrays his emotional reservoir, and one cannot help feeling sorryfor young Heaney. Mid-term Break is definitely one of Seamus Heaney’sspectacularly poignant poems.

WorksCited

Heaney,Seamus. “Mid-Term Break.” TheNorton Introduction to Literature.Kelly J. Mays, ed. Portable 11th ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2016.985-986. Print.

QualityAssurance and Management Methods

InstitutionAffiliation

Facilitydescription and its Organizational Structure

CaliforniaPrimary Care Association Center was established in 1994 as astatewide facility that recognizes and represents the interests ofCalifornia community and their patients. The California Primary CareAssociation serves more than 2,000 non-profitable clinics and healthcenters that provide comprehensive and quality health care services,specifically for low-income and uninsured Californians. Thefacility’s membership includes community, rural and urban clinicsand special needs health centers.

Itis selected by the Federal Bureau of Primary Care and gets federalprogram assistance to improve services for the community and memberclinics. The community hospitals and the medical centers who aremembers of the facility take part in a collaborative advocacy, groupeducation, capacity building, regional promotion and training programactivities. Additionally, the facility continues to offer services inhealth care that are anticipated to meet the needs of the communitythrough innovation, integration, collaboration and commitment (Shankset al, 2016).

Similarly,the California Primary Care Association Center represents its diverseorganizational structure where it has maintained a joint advocacy toensure and sustain the funding for clinics and safeguard the abilityof clinics to deliver affordable quality care. The California PrimaryCare Association maintains its quality assurance programs itprovides research capacity that ensures timely, accurate analysis andaction on the regulatory legal issues that affect medical centers andtheir patients.

FacilityQuality Assurance Program

Thefacility regularly monitors and informs members of the existinglegislative and regulatory developments that may affect clinics andprovides recommendations regarding quality assurance procedures. Thefacility dedicates staff resources and operates closely with itsmembers to ensure that the quality of hospital care and servicesoffered meet the set standards as well as documents healthdisparities among the susceptible and vulnerable population in theCalifornia community.

Thefacility is distinct in delivering service models that are governedby unique regulations and licensing requirements. For instance, theCalifornia Primary Care Association maintains that the Health andSafety Code and Insurance Code should allow care providers planinternet websites searches to assign identification numbers that arereferred to as NPI codes which may offer directories to theorganization to ensure patients have the opportunity to access thefull range of care under one roof.

TheQuality Assurance Program illustrates the necessity for the providerdirectories to fulfill its functions portal clients receiveeducation and information that accommodate the variety of clinicalservices that a particular medical center might provide. Similarly,as a result of disparities in services available to the clinics, thefacility recommends that provider guarantors allow for a categorywhere medical center regions can randomly and openly choose thespecific services they will offer under the contract with each healthcare plan (Mosadeghrad et al, 2014).

Thefacility also provides for performance result and complianceassurance standards it has adopted a progressive improvement andimplementation outcomes. Audit measurements are submitted to theDepartment of Health Care Services to identify measures that may fallbelow the required rate. Additionally, existing collaborationmeasures agree on which performance standards are appropriate to theorganization’s operations and the annual compliance audit must beconfirmed based on information system competencies and evaluation ofstaff’s ability to conform to stipulations outlined by the QualityAssurance Committee.

MandateNecessities for the Facility’s Quality Assurance Program

TheCalifornia Primary Care Association is mandated to reduce the effectsof obstacles to health care access such as lack of health insurance,ethnicity, geographical segregation and disability. As for thevulnerable individuals in California community, the community clinicsand health centers have the understanding that to attain the missionof access to health care for all the people cannot depend wholly onexpansion or development of existing publicly financed healthinsurance programs without quality assurance program regulations.

Thefacility enormously supports the provision of high standard qualitypatient care in that funded health centers are mandated to take partin quality improvement or assessment programs that include theclinical or medical service quality management. The Quality Assurancedevelopment aids the organization to improve the care for patients.The California Primary Care Association’s Department of ClinicalAffairs is committed to supporting its members in developing andimplementing quality plans and procedures (Rodriguez et al, 2013).

Thefacility’s Integrated Care Summit focuses mainly on the integrationof clinical health leadership by providing opportunities, conceptsand quality assurance resources that aim at improving theincorporation of critical components of patient care. This programgives stakeholders the opportunity to engage in workshops andin-service training. Additionally, the quality control program servesto tackle the new challenges and provides for highest qualityservices at the best cost.

Thecontinuous improvements program focuses on enhancing services,products and processes by quality incremental to attain total qualitymanagement hence these have been marked by numerous regulations andlegal procedures for health care practitioners and other associateswho are closely attached to clinical techniques. Staff members inevery unit of the facility strive to improve and work towards thehighest possible level where quality models or charts are used toshow if progress is in control or out of control (Mitra et al, 2016).

Thefacility’s members have benefited actively from a comprehensive,efficient, high quality and evidence-based care that improves thehealth of the community. California Primary Care Association alsooffers educational, programming and networking opportunities formedical practitioners and quality improvement staff throughcollaboration processes that continue to develop and enhance theservices level and health care programs. Additionally, the facility’sJoint Commission has established a strategic alliance to improve themedical care and patient safety at community clinics.

Facility’s“Never Event” and Outcomes

TheCalifornia Primary Care Association “never event” that aimed atguarding and providing safety recommendation for its practitionerswas implemented. For instance, the wrong surgical procedure wasundertaken on a patient without the accepted informed consent for thepatient. Additionally, the retention of a foreign object in thepatient after surgery that excluded the objects being deliberatelyinserted as part of planned intervention in healing the patient wasevident in the facility member clinics and medical centers (Mehtsunet al, 2013).

QualityAssurance Management Program of the California Primary CareAssociation has an obligation to make sure that mistakes or healtherrors should never happen in the field of treatment since the neverevents are hostile events that are severe and substantiallyavoidable. The quality assurance program should reportrecommendations to the state-centered event systems to enhance andimprove the quality standards of medical services.

References

Mehtsun,W. T., Ibrahim, A. M., Diener-West, M., Pronovost, P. J., &ampMakary, M. A. (2013). Surgicalnever events in the United States. Surgery,153(4), 465-472.

Rodriguez,A. R., &amp Shueman, S. (Eds.). (2013). Handbookof quality assurance in mental health. Springer Science &ampBusiness Media.

Mitra,A. (2016). Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. JohnWiley &amp Sons.

Shanks,N. H. (2016). Introduction to health care management. Jones &ampBartlett Publishers.

Mosadeghrad,A. M. (2014). Essentialsof total quality management: a meta-analysis. International journalof health care quality assurance,27(6), 544-558.

CreativeExpression and Play 08: Children Development

CreativeExpression and Play 08: Children Development

Humanbeings can be creative in nearly every situation of their lives,including sport, arts, sciences, and cookery among others. Creativityadds value to an individual’s life by enabling him or her to lookbeyond the known and to recognize and exploit the possibilities inthe surrounding. Children are very creative due to their innatecuriosity that compels them to explore, investigate, and experimentto comprehend the opportunities in their environment. Through play,children can identify and convey an understanding of themselves andthe surrounding it is regarded as a powerful learning experiencetool in children. From birth, children investigate and familiarizewith their world through touch, vision, and hearing, and react tocolors, textures, sounds, and sights within the surrounding. It isfrom these childhood adventures that lifelong attitudes of creativityand people’s abilities to be creative are derived (Isenberg &ampJalongo, 2013). Therefore, supporting play and other art activitiesthat enhance a child’s creativity is critical in the cognitivedevelopment of children. The aim of the essay is to explain howarts-based centers help in the nurturing of the creative expressionof children, how teachers should adapt arts-based centers for variousage groups of children, and the techniques that teachers can apply tomanage a center-based environment in the creative classroom.

HowArts-Based Centers Nurture Children’s Creative Expression

Arthas conventionally been an integral part of early childhooddevelopment initiatives. Through artwork, children start to representactual objects, events, and feelings. For example, drawing enableschildren to create a symbol of what they know and feel. Arts-basedcenters subject children to visual and performance arts to enhancetheir creative expression. Such centers encourage children toparticipate in visual arts such as drawing, painting, crafts, anddesign (Klatt et al. 2013). Hence, such open-ended materials asscissors, crayons, paint, clay, markers, and glue are utilized tosustain child-centered activities. Many choices (of the materials)are provided to give the children an opportunity to make a selectionof what is to be used, and the artwork to design they are thus ableto practice and enhance their decision-making abilities. During theprocess of artwork, children are given sufficient time to practiceand gain experience with the materials, enabling them in expressingtheir ideas and feelings (Cahnmann-Taylor &amp Siegesmund, 2013).That is because the creative process is stepwise and time-consuming,with some children completing their designs ahead of others.

Besides,arts-based centers also support performance arts (or play) such asacting, drama, dancing, songs, the use of toys, and physicalexercises to enhance creative expression in children. The play hasphysical, emotional, and social benefits to children. Physicaladvantages include increased agility, balance, coordination, andgross and fine motor skills development (Klatt et al. 2013). Also,social outcomes of play are increased empathy and compassion, betterdecision-making, improved nonverbal skills, and exceptional attentionand attachment. Finally, emotional benefits include reduced anxiety,stress and fear, calmness, improved emotional flexibility, andsuppression of emotional pain. With children at their bestemotionally, socially, and physically, they participate more invisual arts, and that increases their creative expression(Cahnmann-Taylor &amp Siegesmund, 2013). Because the art practicesoffered by art-based centers engages physical and mental aspects ofchildren, it is relevant to summarize that such centers help in thesocio-emotional, cognitive, and motor development of children, all ofwhich are vital for creative expression.

HowTeachers Must Adapt Arts-Based Centers for Different Age Levels fromToddlers to Fourth Grade

Itis generally accepted that arts and play vary with age in children,and teachers must be weary of the common scenarios for different agegroups. Specifically, toddlers aged 18 months to 24 months startindividual adventure and acquire knowledge through observation.During this stage, children execute several actions which teacherscan make use of to structure arts-based centers. First, they mimicthe actions and voices of others, speak short sentences, recognizeobjects, and can look at books independently and turn pages. Second,they can build thoughts, mental images, and verbal labels relating tolearned concepts. Furthermore, they can stand, walk around and climbtables, use arms to catch a ball, unbutton and zip their wear, match,sort, and classify objects, and use words to express their feelings(Isenberg &amp Jalongo, 2013). Besides, toddlers also show bettercoordination regarding movement and gestures at age two to three.They can make quick representational drawings, participate inself-directed imaginative play, express symbolic thought and mentalconcepts of the mental images, and comprehend self in relation toothers. Furthermore, they can paint with a large brush, turn pages ofa book, complete a puzzle, listen, utter, and experiment with words,and copy gestures and motions. From the considerations above, it isnotable that require room to adventure utilizing their whole body.They prefer standing on a table to sitting as they do their artworks.Besides, they require outdoor spaces where they can explore andgather natural objects such as sticks and stones. Finally, space forplaying with such materials as cardboard boxes and sheets is alsonecessary (Cahnmann-Taylor &amp Siegesmund, 2013).

Forpre-school children aged three to five years, teachers should notetheir ability to learn and associate with others, and theirincreasingly established motor skills and strengths. Pre-schoolchildren can ask questions, make up stories, print letters, usescissors, match shapes and colors, play group games, dress, uselanguage and complex sentences, and write alphabet. Consequently,teachers should incorporate spaces for pre-school children so thatthey can obtain materials to use in artwork. Besides, they requirespace for movement, dramatic play, storytelling, and dancing.However, there should be a careful selection of media, tools andother necessary materials to ensure that the pre-school children canhave fun investigating and recognizing patterns and symmetry(Isenberg &amp Jalongo, 2013).

Finally,school age children (five to eight years) can make accurate decisionsconcerning arts, dance, and music, which they react to with emotionsand feelings. They show firm body control, jump ropes, build modelsfrom cardboards, can spell, write, and tell stories, and attempt orcomplete tasks on their own. School-age children, especially afterclassroom sessions through the day, require space and materials tofacilitate their involvement in creative experiences. Teachers shouldprovide environments that support the construction of models,initiation of a new dance routine, and engaging friends incomplicated adventure plays, as well as the development of billy-cartamong other activities (Isenberg &amp Jalongo, 2013).

Techniquesfor Use by Teachers to Manage a Center-Based Environment in CreativeClassroom

Thereare several techniques that teachers can utilize in early learningclassrooms and beyond to sustain long-run academic excellence. Thefirst technique is to participate in purposeful play to enhancecreativity and imagination (Klatt et al. 2013). It includes theincorporation of the library, dramatic play, science, and engineeringand art areas. Mathematics games, open-ended literacy, and orallanguage practice through poems can be involved to develop a child’scognition. The second technique involves the provision ofopportunities for child-centered construction. With regards to that,teachers should create a visual poster that details the steps fordesign to adequately engage children in the process of designing(Koster, 2014). The third method entails the use of differentiatedinstructions in which the teacher incorporates the three learningstyles of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Besides, the trainerscan also differentiate by permitting the children to chooseactivities depending on their areas of interests. Throughdifferentiated instructions, children become motivated to learn, andin addition to the play, they acquire knowledge to the maximum.Finally, teachers must also include the technique of engagingchildren in goal-setting through conversation related to childprogress and challenges. Free printable behavior charts can beutilized to create individual achievement data for early learners(Koster, 2014).

Conclusion

Asdiscussed above, art or play activities are necessary for the social,cognitive, and physical development of children, all of which enhancecreativity among the young individuals. Therefore, educationpractitioners must always create environments that support activitiessuch as drawing, construction, painting, dancing, storytelling, andsinging to ensure that the creative expression of a child isadequately developed.

References

Cahnmann-Taylor,M., &amp Siegesmund, R. (Eds.). (2013).&nbspArts-basedresearch in education: Foundations for practice.Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

Isenberg,J. P., &amp Jalongo, M. R. (2013).&nbspCreativethinking and arts-based learning: Preschool through fourth grade.New York, U.S.: Pearson Higher Ed.

Klatt,M., Harpster, K., Browne, E., White, S., &amp Case-Smith, J. (2013).Feasibility and preliminary outcomes for move-into-learning: anarts-based mindfulness classroom intervention.&nbspTheJournal of Positive Psychology,&nbsp8(3),233-241.

Koster,J. B. (2014).&nbspGrowingartists: Teaching the arts to young children.Boston, U.S.: Cengage Learning.

BIG MEDIA

BigMedia Get Bigger, 1980-1999

AuthorBiography

Christopher B. Daly is a doyen journalist, scholar, teacher, author,lecturer, and editor. Best known for his journalism work, Chris books“Covering America: A Narrative History of a Nation`s Journalism”and “Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World,”won the PROSE Award for media and cultural studies and the Beveridge,Taft, and Curti, prizes in history, respectively (Daly, 2012).Christopher is a graduate of UNC-Chapel Hill and Harvard Universitywho worked in Boston as Statehouse bureau chief for the AssociatedPress and also as an employee of the New England correspondent forthe Washington Post, from 1989 to 1997.

ThesisStatement

The American journalism transition to a bigger entity has beencharacterized by various crises marked by an era of misinformationfrom media houses especially Fox news, racism in 1960s in majornewsrooms as characterized by separate markets for black and whitenews media, African American media ownership, post-racial mediarepresented by Oprah, media consolidation in 1985, reorganization ofnews outlets, conglomeration conflicts, and finally the era ofdigital evolution.

ThreeMain Points

Daly’s (2012) “Big Media get Bigger, 1980-1999”, makes vitalpoints that include First, media business from early 19^thcentury to the late 20^th century was dominated by racialdifferences and segregation. Second, giant media corporations’substantial increase in size was due to acquisition and mergers.Third, digital revolution and conglomeration led to weak performancein big media corporations.

ImportantQuotation

According to Daly (2012), “The Wolf was not just through the door,it was also devouring institutions that had been decades, evencenturies in the making&quot (p.433). This quotation means that thetraditional methods of transmitting news were badly affected by theemergence of the new millennium, which was distinguished by thedot-com economic bust. Successful computer related companies reducedor removed their advertising budgets to attract this generation.Afterward, a mini-recession worsened the situation and buyouts, andlayoffs became the order of the day for most newsrooms. Manynewsrooms were closed, and people rather opted to sell and buy stuffon eBay and Craigslist, therefore making it hard for some of thesecompanies to exist.

References

Daly, C. B. (2012).. In Covering America: A Narrative Historyof a nation’s journalism (pp. 420-434).

MBA 540 RESPONSE

MBA540Response

Response1

Fromdiscussion 1, it has been argued that opportunity cost refers to thebenefit that is forfeited. This is very important in theunderstanding of the concept because it makes individuals to makechoices that they will need to follow, despite all the choices havingbenefits. The discussion also claims that it is vital to prioritizethe alternatives that one has in order to choose the option thatranks first in the alternatives. I agree with the discussionconcerning the manner in which individuals need to make decisions itis always important to work with priorities. For instance, in caseleisure comes before wealth, it is always vital to select an optionthat would offer leisure first instead of wealth. It was based on thepriorities that the family in the discussion had that made them notselect relocating to Northern Virginia. Their decision can beperceived as prudent because they went by the decision that was nobleto the family.

Response2

Accordingto discussion 2, opportunity cost is defined in terms of the value ofresources and their best alternative use. Defining opportunity costin this manner is okay since there is the notion of the bestalternative that will be forgone by the person making a decision. Inproviding an example where such a scenario can be experienced, thewriter offers a situation in his professional life, where he wasfaced with the alternative of working full time while being hismother’s primary caregiver. From the discussion, it emerges that itis exceedingly crucial to make decisions by considering their values.In the case, it was wise to select the alternative that had greatervalue first.

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Sarbanes-OxleyAct of 2002

Response 1

According to discussion 1, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 contributedto a great change in the accounting profession and corporatereporting structure. Section 302 and 802 are the most impactful.Section 302 identifies corporate responsibility of financial reports.It mandated the signing officers to review financial statements andcertify their accuracy. Additionally, they ensure the reports do notcontain any misleading or untrue information. From the discussion,this is the most significant because it ensures signing officerscarry out their duties efficiently and are responsible for internalcontrol. Section 802 is as well most impactful. It identifies theCriminal Penalties for Altering Documents. This section imposespenalties of fine and imprisonment to any accountant who violatesmaintenance requirements of all audits. This includes alteration,cancellation, destruction, mutilation, or impeding of legalinvestigation. These two acts ensure auditors are responsible andthey practice a high level of integrity. Moreover, they give a clearpolicy and structure to guide them.

Response II

Discussion II give several reasons that led to the formation ofSarbanes-Oxley Act. Its key purpose was to protect accounting fraudand investors from fraudulent accounting actions by corporations.Prior the SOX Act, there were many accounting and corporate scandalsin companies such as Enron and WorldCom. During this time, investorslost a lot of money, since there were no legal acts to guard theirinvestments. In addition, the terrorist attack on the World TradeCenter Towers also contributed to accounting scandals. This led tomany people losing their lives and savings, which significantlyaffected the security of the country. Besides terrorist attacks, theleading actors of CFO positions also led to financial scandals. Enronexploited the infrastructure of California power causing energycrisis, which promoted low profits margin. Further, among the boardsof directors, the audit committee members, and the stock marketanalysts there were conflicts of interest. For instance, acorporation such as Enron and WorldCom demanded an overhaul ofregulatory standards thus, reducing the investors’ confidence intheir financial statement.