Day: May 12, 2020

AlgorithmicApproach to Confirming Chronic Dyspnea

AlgorithmicApproach to Confirming Diagnosis of Chronic Dyspnea

Chronicdyspnea is a condition characterized by breath shortness that lastsfor a period more than a month. Dyspnea perception varies based onphysiological and behavioral responses. An adverse condition of theailment results to a disease symptom. Most instances of dyspnea comefrom asthma, myocardial ischemia, heart failure, a chronic pulmonarydisease that is obstructive, pneumonia, and interstitial diseases ofthe lungs. Dyspnea etiology is multi-factorial affecting one-third ofpatients. A clinical diagnosis is sufficient to check 66% of patientssuffering from dyspnea. Patient’s description is vital indetermining the sensation of dyspnea. On the other hand, symptomsassociating to the condition and risk factors include chemicalexposure, smoking and using medication. Moreover, results fromexamination such as a decrease in the breath, wheezing sound whilebreathing, and pleural rubbing are primary aspects in diagnosisprocedures. Patients diagnosed of chronic dyspnea undergo analgorithmic approach to confirm the diagnosis of dyspnea. The methodentails steps that are followed in the check-up process (Karnani etal., 2015).

AnAlgorithmic Approach

Signsand Symptom Assessment

Theonset of breath shortness is the primary symptom. The doctor needs toidentify whether respiration loss occurs gradually, episodically, orsuddenly. Sudden breath shortness emerges from events such as heartattack, pulmonary embolism, asthma attack and heart failure.Additionally, a progressive breath shortness relates to a chroniccondition such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) orasthma attack. Concurrently, breath shortness that worsens with timerefers to chronic COPD and chronic bronchitis (Karnani et al., 2015).

Moreover,it is important to take note of the quality of breath shortness. When the breath is wheezy, it suggests the presence of an asthmaticcondition. More so, when the breath shortness goes hand in hand witha cough, it is an indication that the patient suffers from COPD(Karnani et al., 2015).

Additionally,there are other symptoms that a patient experiences. Symptoms such asa headache, sore throat, sweating, and presence of fever are helpfulin assisting a doctor in ruling in or out what causes dyspnea.Shortness of breath accompanied by a cough and headache implies aprobability of pneumonia infection. An accompaniment of breathshortness with a sore throat, nausea and dizziness portray a highchance of a heart relating problem (Karnani et al., 2015).

GoingThrough Diagnostic Tests

Bloodtests are essential in diagnosing chronic dyspnea. A doctor ordersfor blood tests such as Complete Blood Count (CBC) to usher in aninsight to red blood cell count in relation to the level ofhemoglobin. Moreover, the CBC presents white blood cells that whenelevated simplifies the presence of an infection. Additionally, thedoctor uses a central panel of metabolism to have an insight ofsuccessive exchange of Oxygen gas by the lungs. Another test is theBNP. An elevation of the BNP implies the diagnosis of heart failureas a likely cause of breath shortness. Finally, a D-Dimmer test rulesout whether pulmonary embolism is the reason of dyspnea (Karnani etal., 2015).

Causesof Dyspnea can as well be excluded using a chest X-ray. Through anX-ray, a doctor sees whether a heart is larger than the standard sizeindicating a sign of heart failure. Additionally, through an X-ray, adoctor sees evidence of lung(s) infiltrates showing intestinal lungailment or growth that causes breath loss and shortages (Karnani etal., 2015).

Apatient may as well opt to have a spirometry test. In events ofobstructive disease of the lung(s), the spirometry test detectsconditions in the lung(s) that may be causing dyspnea. Spirometrytest diagnoses the following conditions COPD, Chronic Bronchitis,Restrictive lung disease and Asthma (Karnani et al., 2015).

FurtherInvestigation

Apatient is recommended to receive an Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)which evaluates the rhythm of a heart to tell whether there is anycardiac relation to dyspnea. ECG shows signs of pulmonary embolism, astrain of the heart and heart attack thus ruling out causes ofdyspnea. Alternatively, a Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) scan is carriedout to diagnosis blood clot in the lungs (Karnani et al., 2015). Theblood clot may block blood from reaching other parts of the lungsresulting in breath shortness. Other investigations includeperforming an echocardiogram an ultrasound test that examines theheart for blood flow, performing a CT scan an alternative to theX-ray in detecting blood clots in lungs and finally undergoing astress test to monitor heart bits.

Treatment

Treatmentof dyspnea depends on the causes. An active dyspnea treatment dependson the diagnosed cause. A follow-up test is done to find out howtreatment is working out in need for making adjustments. If thedyspnea condition becomes severe, an immediate medical attention ispivotal (Karnani et al., 2015).

Abbreviations

COPD:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

CBC:Complete Blood Count

ECG/EKG:Electrocardiogram

V/Q:Ventilation-Perfusion

Reference

Karnani,N.G., Reisfield, G.M. &amp Wilson, G.R. (2015). Evaluation ofchronic dyspnea.Am FAM Physician.71 (8):1529–1537.

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SusanSontag`s &quotNotes On Camp&quot In Relation To The TV SeriesEntourage

Introduction

Anentourage is globally defined as a group of people surrounding animportant person. Normally, an entourage serves the purpose of doingwhatever their boss asks of them, with the ultimate intent of keepinghim or her safe, happy and comfortable. An average entourage evengoes as far beyond their beliefs in order to do whatever is asked forof their boss, sort of like a slave. However, in the intriguing andincreasingly famous series, Entourage, when a suddenly risen filmstar, Vince Chase, becomes famous from a TV commercial, he is forcedto jump into the life of a movie star very quickly. Vince immediatelybegins to learn the ins and outs of the business and the high-profileworld of the wealthy happy few in and around Hollywood, just likemany movie stars in their past careers. However, the only differencebetween Vince and other movie stars is that Vince pertains to amuch-solidified motto in life, and seemingly never breaks it once inthe show to be honest, loyal, and fair to everyone around him,especially his entourage of friends. Over the course of the series,Vince and his entourage progress from kids of Queens, to actors andproducers, while chasing the funding, agency, and support to make thebest possible movie for Vincent and turn him into a fully fledgedHollywood star.

Entourageis a Home Box Office show, about a humble man named Vince Chase, whois inspired in real life by the show`s director, Mark Wahlberg.Throughout the show, Vince is seemingly never alone. He brings hisunique entourage from his native city New York in order to keep hiscompany and help manage his road to superstardom. What is so uniqueabout his entourage is that these four best friends are inspired byVince’s modesty and kindness to not be caught up in the lavishlifestyle. Rather, they constantly strive to stick together as theclosest circle of friends since childhood that one can possibly find,while pursuing Hollywood stardom and greatness. One example of howVince installs the humble and grateful mentality into his entourageof best friends is his constant use of the quote states: &quotI camefrom nothing, and as much as I like the toys, I really do not needthem” (Gutenberg, 2016, p.n.d). This clearly shows what kind ofperson Vince’s character is, as he continuously proves it not onlywith these words but also with his actions.

Discussion

Oneunique tactic that the creators and producers of Entourage have donethroughout the show is their constant use of real-life celebrities.In order to lend both credence and likeability to the show`ssituations and locations, most episodes of Entourage feature at leastone celebrity guest star, appearing as them. Due to the show beingabout celebrities and how they live their lives, the show has reallife celebrities in order to give the viewer the feeling that he orshe is actually watching what real celebrities do on a daily basis.In addition, the show gains a ton of credibility and fame for addingas many celebrities to the show as possible. Some major celebritynames who have been on the show in the past include Pharrell, LiamNeeson, Jessica Alba, Warren Buffet, Mark Cuban, LeBron James, andmany more of the world’s most famous celebrities. In all, the hitHBO series, Entourage, is about a crew of friends led by VincentChase that portray the true values and importance of an unbreakablefriendship. While the name of the show means one thing, the truemeaning, theme and purpose of the show is the total opposite. Ratherthan an informal group or band of people who are closely associatedwith a famous, notorious, or otherwise notable individual, Entourageis about a young movie star’s road to success with his childhoodbest friend, as they navigate the unfamiliar terrains of Hollywood,Los Angeles. This paper discusses Susan Sontag`s &quotNotes on camp&quotin relation to the TV series Entourage and an argument for itsconcept as Camp.

ConceptOf Camp And Entourage Friendship Element

The friendship attribute conveys the camp definition as theglorification of character and relationship to promote unity. Here,the dominant factor is the male audience and they can simply link thedeep bonding between characters without any trouble. Vince alwayspays attention to their friend’s need that indicates the camp ideathat the glorification of Vince character is based on themoney-oriented version of friendship, irrespective of the view howcareless and insignificant they may be. In episode 2 of season 3,after the premieres of Vinny`s movie and the earning of $116 million,he has the capacity to spend money on the necessity of his friend. Hepurchases expensive and brand new motorcycles for Eric, Turtle, andDrama by saying “A quarterback always takes care of his offensivelinemen” (Rosenberg, 2012, p.n.d). Furthermore, He purchases $1200pajamas for Turtle and invited the friend group at the place ofPlayboy Mansion in episode 3 of season 2. He proposes to buy the calfat the cost of $10,000 for Johnny in episode 2 of season 5. Vinceshows the true friendship element by his enthusiasm to financiallysupport his friends and fulfill their desires. He says to Johnny,“this is insane, but you know I always say yes to you”(Rosenberg, 2012, p.n.d).

Forexample, when interview by a TMZ reporter, series creator, DougEllin, stated, &quotEntourage is loved by so many young people outthere solely because it`s about male friendship.” (Rosenberg, 2014,p.n.d). In the same interview, he later added &quotUltimately, theshow`s theme is friendship and family. Although the characters mayhave the bling and flashy Hollywood lifestyle, they are all deeplyrooted and grounded people who look out for each other and care forone another equally. That is the true backbone of the show. If it wasjust about fantasy lifestyles, it wouldn`t be relatable, andultimately wouldn’t be as likable” (Rosenberg, 2014, p.n.d). Bycreating such a relatable show, young people around the world beganto love this show. Furthermore, form massive groups of friends thatwould always come together Sunday nights to watch Entourage.Throughout the series, almost all episodes of the show focus, besideson their lifestyle in Hollywood, on the friendship between the fourmain characters. Another intriguing quote given by one of the show’smain actors, Jeremy Piven is taken by TMZ. In the show, Piven plays aperson named Ari Gold, who is Vince’s movie agent. In his interviewon the show, Piven says, &quotIf it was just a show about wishfulfillment and guys getting (sex) because their best friend wasfamous, it wouldn`t be that interesting” (Rodman, 2012, pp.95-121). Clearly, the show creator and actors are able to magnify this showas a show that seeks to be immensely entertaining, while maintainingas much reliability to the viewers’ lives and friendships aspossible.

TheConcept Of Camp And Entourage Concept Of “We Ride Together. We DieTogether”

Theconcept of loyalty and honesty is the central theme of Entourage. Thecharacters of Entourage convey the camp idea to show extraordinaryand perform more than expectations. Here extraordinary does not implyin the sense of effort rather being extraordinary to appear assignificant, noticeable and glamorous. This camp idea appears whenall four friends Turtle, Drama, Ari and Eric were at the same placewhen Vince enjoyed the celebration of his first box office movie atthe high school. The friends were present to handle him and they wereworking on his cocaine addiction. This solid loyalty is morereflected by his friend Johnny Drama who gives an evidence ofstrongly bound through protecting him. In episode 9 of season 3, whensome strange person teases Eric’s girlfriend, Drama fights bypunching him on a face and put his self-image in danger in front ofpublic. In episode 10 of season 7, when Vinny takes the high dose ofcocaine and starts to make fun of himself at the Hollywood party thenJohnny Drama comes forward and emphasizes him to leave the party.Although, it is completely Vince fault it can be said Johnny alwaystries to pamper his friend. During the fighting, drama faces beat upand pushed by the stars of NBA. Still, Johnny Drama shouts “Vince,”shows he is more concerned about his friends as compared to himself.At the end of the fighting incident, Johnny is waiting for the Vinceinside the hospital and never argues with him regarding his injuries.The character of Johnny Drama is the great combination of friendshipand loyalty.

Conceptof Camp And Entourage Class Mobility

Theconcept of rags to riches is related to the theme of class mobility.According to the quote of Susan Sontag (1964), “Camp sensitivity isa certain mode of aestheticism. It is one way of seeing the world asan aesthetic phenomenon. It is not in terms of beauty, but in termsof the degree of artifice, of stylization. It is decorative art,which favors “style at the expense of content, a concept emphasizedseveral times to conclude that Camp is the consistently aestheticexperience of the world. It incarnates a victory of “style” over“content,” “aesthetics” over “morality,” of irony overtragedy” (Sontag, 1964, 53-65). As men love to observe the other,men that can be easily directed theme towards accomplishment.Entourage represents the illusion scenario of having Americanlifestyle dream and telling that dream with the companions. Although,Vince Chase, brought up by his single mother in poor lifestyle. Thiscamp idea occurs in the starting when all the friends are financiallydepending on the money of Vince for food, clothing, andaccommodation. However, the gradual increment in the financial statusof friends is somewhat related to the success of Vince. In episode 3of season 3, when the group comes from the late night party, someonemesses up into the house. Turtle shouts and emphasizes him to stay inthe car by saying: “if something happens to him, we’re allfucked,”. This indicating how much Vince is significant for them.Each friend attempts to perform low category jobs instead of focusinga good job. Such as Johnny works as a cook, Eric works as a scriptreader, Turtle works as the Vince driver. Hence, the life of eachindividual friend circulates around the lifestyle and career ofVince.

ConceptOf Camp And Entourage Concept Of Gaining Independence

Thegaining independency concept is based on the camp idea that theresponsiveness of high-class culture possesses an absence ofdomination upon improvement. Here, camps definition asserts the ideathat it is not always true that good taste always remains good tasteeven the good taste of bad taste also exists. Although, thisdiscovery is extremely therapeutic. By the support of Vince, all thefriends are able to enjoy success and flourish. Johnny Dramacharacter appears as the shining TV star and smoothly run his stardomcareer. At the ending of Entourage, he plays a role of Johnny’sBananas, financed the animated TV show and comes under the spotlightof the movie. Eric first obtains the designation of “Pizza deliveryManager” in Queens and then promotes as the co-owner of the mostthriving company the “Murphy Lavin Group,” after which he madehis name as the business sponsor of Hollywood movie. Lastly, Turtlecharacter transforms in the biggest way. Although, Turtle oftencriticizes as the laziest person in the early episodes, butultimately in season 6, he turns toward school keep the vision ofinitiating his business. In the beginning of the seventh season,Turtle appears as the owner of the limo service unfortunately, itdoes not make progress but he learns to create a valuable andmeaningful business association. Finally, at the end of the season,he appears as the supporter of Avion Tequila and makes an investmentof money and time in his new corporate. Fortunately, he hits jackpot,as the company makes extraordinary progress and Turtle becomesmulti-millionaire. And the shows split end, the group of friends thatrely on Vince finance, all appears as the paramount of theirindividual efforts and accomplished their goals.

Conclusion

Inconclusion, the analysis of Entourage using the Susan Sontag`s Noteson camp model, the audiences can utilize the evidence related to thecurrent ideological problems that can expectedly occur during onairing of the show. The concept of camp is used in the theme offriendship, loyalty and class mobility. That indicates the truefriendship enormously significant and applicable to the real world.Furthermore, the weak point of the camp concept is also reflected asthe society measuring criteria of friendship is based on money. Inthe end, the camp concept of sensibility indicates that the effortsto achieve the American dream and the differences of class mobilityare achievable irrespective of age, position, or place.It motivatesthe camp concept to perform some extraordinary in the perspective ofglamour. Similarly, the audience entertained by the camp view oftransforming from rags to riches. This paper has compared threecrucial ideology of Susan Sontag “Notes on Camp” and Entourage”to build up the strong relationship with the male viewers and tryingto make it paramount guys Home Box Office show.

WorksCited

Gutenberg,Project. &quotVincent Chase | Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing -Ebooks | Read Ebooks Online&quot. Self.Gutenberg.Org, 2016,http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Vincent_Chase.

Rosenberg,Alyssa. &quotWhy I Love ‘Entourage,’ The Show I’M Supposed ToHate&quot. Washington Post, 2014,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/06/05/why-i-love-entourage-the-show-im-supposed-to-hate/?utm_term=.2481a081b6b0.

Rodman,Gilbert B. &quotRace… and other four letter words: Eminem and thecultural politics of authenticity.&quot Popular Communication 4.2(2012): 95-121.

Sontag,Susan. &quotNotes on camp.&quot Camp: Queer aesthetics and theperforming subject: A reader (1964): 53-65.

TheAmerican Academy of Nurse Practitioners National CertificationProgram

TheAmerican Academy of Nurse Practitioners National CertificationProgram

TheAmerican Academy of Nurse Practitioners National CertificationProgram is among the current nursing certifications in the UnitedStates. It offers a broad range of benefits not only to the nurse inquestion but the whole generation at large. The high quality andstandards make the examination an appropriate and integral part ofthe entire nursing profession as below.

TheAmerican Academy of Nurse Practitioners National CertificationProgram is one of the best nursing certifications in the UnitedStates because of upholding high standards that translate into betterservice for patients. Since 1993, the American Academy of NursePractitioners National Certification Board has significantly improvedthe American healthcare system through evaluating persons who seek toenter the nursing practice profession (&quotPurposeof Certification – AANPCP&quot, 2016).The result of AANCPB’s efforts is a certification that assesses theunderstanding of nurses together with their ability to offer not onlysafe service but also quality healthcare. The certification ensuresthat a graduate has acquired skills that test his or her APRN coreand NP skills together with an FNP section of specialization. Thecertification also assists in ensuring that a graduate of AANCPcontinues to uphold the acquired expertise throughout a person’scareer. The program allows the graduates to operate under the licensefor five years after which it expires (&quotPurposeof Certification – AANPCP&quot, 2016).Therenewal process is crucial because it works to assure the public ofthe validity and quality of nurses’ services. The move also ensuresthat the certification’s holders uphold the requisite professionalskills as nursing practitioners. The certification process is worth aperson’s efforts, money together with time because one gets qualityand incredible knowledge and experience that is significant in themarket.

Whatto Know Before Sitting for the Exam?

First,I would seek to understand the relationship and connection betweenAANC and the Adult Nurse Practitioner course that contributes a lotto the development of the program. I would also learn therelationship between the AANC and Family Nurse Practitioner coursetogether with its importance in the current market filled withtechnological and medical changes. The Adult-Gerontology Primary CareNurse Practitioner program is an additional piece of education thatprovides vital insight into AANC (Wholihanand Tilley, 2016).I would then seek to gain a deeper understanding and grasp of theclinical NP program. I would also revise previous information that Ilearned in the advanced physical assessment class together withpharmacology. I would additionally check and improve my knowledge inthe advanced pathophysiology course that is integral for a successfulcompletion of the examination. The examination also demands that Ishould have a working RN license together with detailed academicrecords. Thus, I would seek to ensure that all the issues that builtup to my final school certifications exist and are also correct.

Scopesof Practice and Barriers of NP in Texas

Despitethe recent efforts by nursing organizations to integrate legislationsin the NP laws that govern the extent of supervision, thepractitioners still have to operate under the guidance of physicians.However, the doctor in question can be away from the practitioner aslong as the distance does not exceed seventy-five miles. Besides, thepractitioners can only prescribe medication through confirmation bythe supervising physician. The nursing professionals in Texas canprovide a variety of medicines but not all. The above conditionspresent serious challenges to the professionals because they maketheir reasoning and working processes weaker (Goodman &amp Virginia,2011).

Conclusion

Theabove discussion has shed enough light on the importance of takingthe AANCP certification in the wake of increased medicalcomplications. The examination equips the participants to exercisetheir best in their quest to save the lives and health of theAmerican people. The move comes in the midst of talks that seek toremove barriers to providing quality service.

References

Goodman,J. &amp Virginia, T. (2011). The Doctor’s Out. Where’s theNurse? National Center for Policy Analysis. Retrieved Tuesday,December 20, 2016, from http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba757

Purposeof Certification – AANPCP.(2016). Aanpcert.org.Retrieved 20 December 2016, fromhttps://www.aanpcert.org/certs/purpose

Wholihan,D., &amp Tilley, C. (2016). Fundamental Skills and Education for thePalliative Advanced Practice Registered Nurse.&nbspAdvancedPractice Palliative Nursing,13.

WHISTLEBLOWER ANALYSIS 12

WhistleblowerAnalysis

WhistleblowerAnalysis

Atpresent, organizations need to understand that both internal andexternal environments of the organizations are subject to change atany point of time hence, the need for strategic management. Onecritical area that has featured in the current environment is theneed to use ethical approaches. Over the years, enterprises haveexperienced various unethical challenges such as trade secrets andproperty rights, among others that continue to affect theirperformance. The conflict of interest, COI, in many companies, hasgiven rise to financial and operational scandals. The issue is commonin both for-profit and non-profit firms. In fact, it cuts across bothprivate and public companies. Despite the wide-ranging incidences ofunethical practices, there emerge individuals who are ready to risktheir lives to disclose information about unethical and unwarrantedactivities in enterprises. The concept of whistle-blowing is commonin the current society to expose practices that do not reflect thereal intentions and goals of institutions.

Thepaper seeks to examine a whistleblower who revealed the mistreatmentof terrorist suspects by the American security officers. JohnKiriakou, a former analyst and case officer with the CIA, revealedthe torturous events of suspected terrorists. He was among thegovernment officials who exposed the actions of the CIA such aswaterboarding. Kiriakou reported that the American security officialsused inhumane methods to cross-examine Al Qaeda prisoners.Waterboarding is regarded as torture and abuse of human rights. Helater pleaded guilty for disclosing classified information about aCIA officer in 2012. The action by the federal authorities puts toquestion the significance and extent of whistleblowing. Is thepractice ethical? Do the government or private entities need todisclose inappropriate actions, yet they are crucial partners in theadministration of justice and fairness?

Thesisstatement:Adherence to ethical guidelines, honesty, and accuracy are necessaryfor a whistleblower to enhance the relationship between the partiesand institutional objectives.

Discussion

Attimes, whistleblowers face difficulties in disclosing valuableinformation under their custody. The difficulties are exacerbated bythe fact that the disclosure is termed illegal or unethical by theparties involved. The culprits assert that a whistleblower isdishonest to one or more parties. In the case of John Kiriakou, thedifficulties and interest parties are numerous as it touches oncritical matters of the American national safety. Security organs,not just in the US, but also around the world have a tendency toconceal information on their spending, misdeeds, and classifiedinformation that can jeopardize the national defense. The securityagencies attempt to conceal information that negates the spirit andvalues of the constitution and human rights by working closely withother organs of the government. The case of John Kiriakou was part ofthe classified safety information in the government’s effort tofight corruption (Lopez, LaVan, &amp Katz, 2014).

Inmost cases, whistleblowers are not liable for investigatingactivities that touch on fraudulent dealings. They are not supposedto provide corrective measures, but to offer information aboutinappropriate transactions within an institution. The most suitableprocedure is for the employees or the whistleblowers to provide theinformation to the right personnel within the institution for action.The appropriate protocol serves to protect not only the interests ofan organization, but also safeguards the classified information(Lopez, LaVan, &amp Katz, 2014). The issue is critical when touchingon matters dealing with the national security. We observe thatKiriakou failed to follow the procedure hence, undermined theethical requirements when reporting such an activity.

CaseStudy

Kiriakouspent most of his career life working as an investigation officerwith the Central Intelligence Agency. He worked in several stationssuch as Middle East, Bahrain, and CIA Headquarters, among others. Itis noteworthy that he was substantially involved in terroristmatters hence, had first-hand information on the happenings withinthe different areas. In particular, the treatment of terror suspectsby the American officials was critical in informing hiswhistleblowing role. After the 9/11 attack, Kiriakou was appointed asthe lead officer in counterterrorism operations in Pakistan where heis said to have led many military raids. The actions resulted in thecapture of al-Qaeda fighters and sympathizers who were later used bythe officers to gather information about terrorist groupings in theMiddle East. He later resigned from the CIA, in 2004, after which heengaged several private companies. Kiriakou was recruited to work asa terrorism consultant for ABC News in 2008. He also held theinvestigator position with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

Thedisclosure of torture for terrorist fighters happened in 2007 duringan interview with the ABC News. During the interview, Kiriakouexplained how he was involved in the capture of a top official in theal-Qaeda hierarchy, Abu Zubaydah. He claimed that he did not witnessany form of torture through waterboarding, although he confirmed tohave gathered the information from close associates at the CIA. Themethod was used by the CIA to extract answers related to extremism.The interview and allegations by Kiriakou were repeated severally in2007, with some calling for the disclosure of the misdeeds by thestate officials. He later became a regular guest on matters thattouched on terrorism and security in leading media outlets. At in onepoint in 2009, he alleged that Abu Zubaydah was waterboarded for over83 times, although no credible or reasonable information wasgathered. He was skeptical about the usefulness of informationcollected from the tortured suspects, at a time when the Americanreputation was already ruined. The former CIA agent believed that themethods used by the agents to gather intelligence on terrorism wereharsh. The whistleblower maintained that he could not disclose theinformation through the internal means at the CIA or other governmentagencies as they were aware of the actions. Further, he believed thatthe government would not do much to protect the victims of torture.In 2013, he published an editorial warning other individuals such asEdward Snowden to remain apprehensive about the closeness andtrickery measures used by the FBI officials (Kiriakou, 2015).

Followingthe revelation, he underwent a trial for divulging confidentialinformation in 2012. The court found him culpable and indicted himfor infringing the Intelligence Identities Protection Act. He wasalso sentenced for violating the Espionage Act as well as for lyingto the Publications Review Board of the CIA to have his bookpublished. Primarily, he pleaded innocence for the disclosure,although he later agreed to his guilt for releasing confidentialinformation to the media (Zeman, 2015). As such, he agreed to haveviolated the Intelligence Identities Protection Act. Kiriakou wassentenced to 30 months in 2013 for violation of the various legalrequirements among the intelligence community.

CaseAnalysis

Ethicsand Whistleblowing

Theissue on whistleblowing generates mixed reactions regarding ethicalconsideration. Much as the practice has been used to help in theexposure of fraudulent activities whistleblowing requires properexamination of the consequences. In the case of Kiriakou, it wasunethical to be the whistleblower. As a former CIA agent, heunderstood the workings of the institution, including the rules andlaws that guide the operations. The unethical element comes due tohis poor regard for professional and work ethics (Zeman, 2015 Theagents working intelligence institutions undergo oath of secrecy dueto the nature of the work they handle on a daily basis. Theintelligence community operates in secrecy through classifiedinformation that one should not reveal to other parties, includingthe media. As such, Kiriakou’s choice to give the information tothe press was inappropriate and against the rules guiding the agency(Norris, 2013). Nonetheless, one may consider that the agent wasright in revealing the underhand dealings of the government. In fact,the element of torture through waterboarding is an abuse of the humanrights. Ethically, one may argue that Kiriakou did the right toinform the public on matters happening beyond their eyes.

Reasonsfor Leaking the Documents to Various Media Resources

Itis clear that the CIA operates equidistant from the executive andlegislative arms. Despite congressional oversight and executiveauthority, the agency’s operations are classified. Conflictsbetween these bodies will continue to play out since the agency hasthe responsibility of protecting the interests of the US. It isdesirable that the principles and frameworks of the CIA meet thedemands of the country and the global environment. Since the creationof the agency, there has been minimal interference by the politicalclass. As such, Kiriakou understood that the secret activities of theAmerican security agents would not be disclosed to the public. Hefelt that the media channel to reveal the information as it was proneto less bias (Kiriakou, 2015).

Kiriakoualso considered the fact that the procedures guiding whistleblowingare not evident in the intelligence community. It, thus, meant thatit was hard to attain his objectives by going through the stipulatedinternal channels. At times, whistleblowers get victimized by theaccused as a way to drop the information. A similar fate would havefallen on Kiriakou in his attempts to contact the CIA agents. He alsobelieved that the matter would assist in enhancing his repute as ahuman rights activist. Previously, other individuals had used suchopportunities to engage in advocacy on certain issues affecting thesociety (Kiriakou, 2015).

Implicationsof Whistleblowing

Boththe whistleblower and the accused are adversely affected by thereporting. In the case above, the CIA faced condemnation from humanrights activists for engaging in appropriate methods to gatherinformation from terror suspects. The agency works in secrecy toconceal most of its activities. As such, a move to make known theiractivities are a threat to the national security thereby,undermining its obligations. On a positive note, the agency used theopportunity to improve the procedures guiding the conduct of itsmembers. The employees can now point out issues that they areuncomfortable besides engaging the senior officials. CIA is animportant agency that requires statutory restrictions to help guidethe conduct of the staff.

Thewhistleblower, Kiriakou, faced legal charges for his conduct todisclose classified information. In particular, the 2012 trialculminated with a 30 months indictment. The court found him guilty oftaking part in activities without complying with several legislationsguiding the operations of the CIA. He did not get any protection fromthe government for participating in whistleblowing. Kiriakou engagedin unethical approach in whistleblowing, although the action couldnot be wished away. Further, the action ruined his relationship withthe former employer in that they cannot easily seek his services forfear of a similar occurrence.

Theforeign, public, and security policies fronted the government toguide the operations of the CIA. In view of this, the executive hasthe authority to influence the scope of the intelligence informationfrom any quarter. Being the chief protector of the people, theexecutive is likely to usurp its power to enhance the security of itscitizens and assets around the world. The CIA, consequently, has tooperate with the interests of the executive at heart. The bodyrequires institutional support to tackle their objectives inrealistic approach that would inform the policies of the legislativesystem, executive, and security organs. It is, thus, important toconsider work and professional ethics when reporting on matterstouching on the CIA (Norris, 2013).

PersonalView

Personally,I consider that Kiriakou was not right in disclosing classifiedinformation, well aware of the procedures. Having worked with theagency for more than 20 years, he understood the effects of thedisclosure to the agency and the implications in the country’sfight against extremism. The information did not even help thegovernment in its effort to curb terrorism. Kiriakou had a chance toinform the relevant bodies such as the FBI or the Senate committeefor further actions. In fact, in his submissions during the interviewwith the ABC News, Kiriakou argued that the government will not acton the information. People within the security agencies understandthe adverse effects of disclosing classified information. Besidesnon-compliance to professional and work ethics, Kiriakou betrayedclose associates and civilians who worked as journalists. As such, itis necessary for the whistleblower to avoid unnecessary and incorrectallegations. Individuals who provide baseless accusations should bedisciplined or made to face the courts (Spath, 2015).

Themanagement of conflicts can be realized through avoidance, healthycompetition, ethical rules and disclosure of critical information. Itis important to have flexible legal provisions have removed hurdlesin the regulation of businesses as well as the improvement ofbusiness standards. The legal and political frameworks have tried tohelp in managing risks through harmonization of existing laws. In thebusiness front, it is important for international operators to have abroad understanding of culture, management styles, and culturalorientations in the country of operation. By defining the variousethical dimensions, firms can cluster the different groups to improvethe processes and reduce incidences of inappropriate disclosure andunethical practices (Spath, 2015).

WhistleblowingPolicy at the CIA

Theadoption of moral practices, moderate disclosure, and effectivepolicies can help in preventing the adverse effects arising fromwhistleblowers, especially within the government institutions. It isnotable that public agencies such as the CIA and FBI operate undercertain levels of secrecy that are largely provided for in theconstitution. At times, cases of misuse of the laws are evident asthe highlighted above. Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 wascreated by the US federal government to help in the protection ofindividuals who report misconduct and wrong practices within theirorganizations. Nonetheless, the legislation was not targeting thesecurity or public entities, but aimed at private institutions. Mostof the cases take place in for-profit organizations since there ishigh tendency for unethical practices (Benkler, 2014).

TheCIA does not condone forms of whistleblowing but requires aggrievedindividuals to forward their complaints or queries through theinternal mechanism. Whistleblowers are not protected by theinstitutional policy as several laws govern the disclosure ofinformation about the agency. The multiple laws governing theoperations of the agency makes it hard for whistleblowers to discloseinformation without resultant adverse effects. Due to the nature ofits functions, the body operates under different external checks.Ideally, it functions under secrecy. Over the years, the agency hascome under criticism due to the manner it handles its function. Afterthe 9/11 attack on the U.S., the House committee recommended anoverhaul of the security-related bodies in the country. Previously,the agency had minimal government control or public scrutiny.Nonetheless, both the legislature and executive exert minimalsupervision and control over the activities of the organization(Benkler, 2014).

TheAmerican security and intelligence services play a vital role instopping terrorist attacks against Americans in foreign countries.Ordinarily, the intelligence community works in secret with thepublic getting limited information about their operations. The CIA isa bureau whose operations are strictly guarded. The body is said torun various offices in the U.S. and around the world. The number ofemployees, assets, and budget are not well-known. While the NationalSecurity Act of 1947 affirms that the Congress should be informedabout the intelligence operations, the executive only notifies thecongressional committees as opposed to the full house. Corruption,abuse of human rights, and fraud cover-up take place in thegovernment circles. Most of these vices are never reported since theofficials conceal crucial information or manipulate documents. Thegovernment should work in close collaboration with non-state actorsto protect the whistleblowers.

Conclusion

Thecase of Kiriakou in whistleblowing serves vital lessons to theAmerican security and legislative systems in the country. The casecommunicates the importance of embracing the right values that shapeour destiny for the better. Much as the security agencies work underthe level of secrecy, there is great need to ensure moderateadherence to human rights and social values. It is evident thatwhistleblowing generates ethical concerns among different parties inthe private and public sector. Devoid of a certain level ofdisclosure, the society is likely to experience the emergence ofvices that adversely affect our well-being. At the end of the day,the members of the community remain the biggest losers when suchvices ruin a country. We need to adopt principles that embracetransparency, accountability, and the rule of law in oursocio-political engagements. There are important values that theAmerican society ought to take to enhance their socio-politicalprogression. The values require the leaders and citizens to showgreat respect for their institutions. Whistleblowing should not beused by individuals for self-interest but need to be guided byethical guidelines.

References

Benkler,Y. (2014). Public Accountability Defense for National SecurityLeakers and Whistleblowers, A. Harv.L. &amp Pol`y Rev.,8,281.

Kiriakou,J. (2015). The fate of America`s whistleblowers. Guardian(Sydney),(1707), 6.

Lopez,Y., LaVan, H., &amp Katz, M. (2014). Whistleblowing inorganizations: A logit analysis of litigated cases. Journalof Workplace Rights,17(3-4),283-302.

Norris,M. (2013). Bad Leaker or Good Whistleblower-A Test. CaseW. Res. L. Rev.,64,693.

Spath,E. (2015). Whistleblowers Take a Gamble under the CFAA: How FederalProsecutors Game the System under the Proposed Changes to the Act. U.La Verne L. Rev.,37,369.

Zeman,J. (2015). Slender Reed upon Which to Rely: Amending the EspionageAct to Protect Whistleblowers, A. WayneL. Rev.,61,149.

Darnell: 3

ExtendedOutline For The Obstacles Faced By College Students

Thesis: Collegestudents require social, economic and psychological support togetherwith adequate training on personal skill issues to succeed both inacademics and their future careers.

TopicalSentence #1: Many issues that has significance impact to academicsuccess stem from the family, job,and relationship.

1. The student responsibilities both at home and work, or even academic workload (Falcon 12).

2. The ability to care for tuition and college sustenance fees.

3. Social problems such as abusive college mates, the domestic conflicts between both parents, and one’s relationship with fiancé.

TopicalSentence #2: Students require wide range of skills to succeed incollege and most lack or have them underdeveloped.

1. English skills determines student’s understanding and responce to exam questions or during discussions.

2. Time management skills enable the student to organize, plan and execute study plans effectively.

3. Finally, student’s study skills enable proper and effective theoretical or practical approaches to the assigned reading areas in the curriculum (Stebleton 9).

TopicalSentence #3: College life exposes student to psychological pressuresthat one should overcome first to succeed.

1. Transitional issues including loneliness at first, depression and mood upset are common among American college students, especially in the freshman year.

2. Homesickness also impacts a significant number of college students.

3. Increases influence leading to drug use and abuse that can have negative impacts on their education.

TopicalSentence #4: Several strategies can help overcome the above obstaclesto ensure academic success.

1. Initiating programs that increase chances for academic and social engagement (Stebleton 8).

2. Proper training to avail the required skills for learning.

3. Counseling and guidance.

4. Financial support packages such as loans, scholarships and compensated tasks (e.g. cleaning, typing, etc.).

WorksCited

&quot25Challenges for Students and Their Parents – Parents &amp Families -Macalester College&quot.Macalester.edu.N.p., 2016. Web.

Falcon,Lauren. &quotBreakingDown Barriers: First-Generation College Students and College Success| the League for Innovation in the Community College.&quotLeague.org.N.p., 2015. Web.

Stebleton,Krista M. &quotBreaking Down Barriers: Academic Obstacles ofFirst-Generation Students at Research Universities.” Eric.ed.gov.N.p., 2012. Print

DrivingNew procedures for patient Discharge — Project Management PlanUsing Telemedicine to Shorten Patient Discharge Time

Part1: Service Level Agreement

ProjectDescription, Purpose, and Justification

Theproject of interest for implementation is Telemedicine in the NewYork Hospital to reduce the time taken to discharge patients.Telemedicine is emerging as a new, effective strategy for enhancingthe equitability of healthcare delivery, but it is yet to be fullyimplemented in various healthcare facilities such as the New YorkHospital. Therefore, execution of telemedicine serves as apotentially viable project to benefit the healthcare system of NewYork Hospital and reduce the patient discharge time.

Goalsand Objectives

Theprimary goal of the proposed project is to achieve fullimplementation of Telemedicine at the New York hospital by March2017. The project is planned to begin on 3^rdOctober 2016. Therefore, the task is to prepare, mobilize resources,support, and get set for the implementation of the project.

Describethe requirements for the project

Locatedin New York City and surrounded by a large, growing population, thehealthcare facility is certainly under pressure to improve itsservices to be able to satisfy the needs of patients across theregion. As a nurse who has been working in the facility for over 30years, I assert that this project is justifiable and will be pivotalin increasing the capacity to enable the hospital to realize itsgoals.

Indeed,the criticality of Telemedicine in the current healthcare practicesis beyond reproach. The evolution of the world has been accompaniedby the call for healthcare reforms for sustainable development. Thiscall is driven by the concern that, while healthcare development apillar of sustainability, current healthcare practices cannot deliverthe sustainable goals unless they are reformed. Telemedicine entailsthe use of information and communication technologies to providehealthcare from a distance, which creates the allowance to shortenpatient discharge time for them to be attended through telemedicine(Baruth,Bopp, Webb &amp Peterson, 2015).Therefore, Telemedicine is advantageous because it enables theplayers to overcome the distance barriers and reach people in remoteareas while reducing the discharge time because patients can alwaysseek telemedicine while home.

Thetangible measures for acceptance criteria used to achieve projectsuccess

Thetangible measures for acceptance criteria used to achieve the projectsuccess will be consumer satisfaction, project owner satisfaction,and cost involved and time taken for completion.

ProjectScope

Whilethere is a great potential in applying Telemedicine to serve thegrowing interests of the surrounding community, the hospital is yetto implement the project. Therefore, the proposed Telemedicineproject would be a new venture. The process of implementation isexpected to bring together different players within organization andhealthcare. The players within the organization include doctors,nurses, managers, and social workers, among others. The playersoutside the organization will include healthcare agencies, governmentagencies, and nongovernmental organizations. Considering theexistence of advocacies for patient-centered care, it will also becrucial to engage the surrounding communities to understand theirinterests. These welfares will then be incorporated in Telemedicineproject. This step is critical to enable the project to be tailoredto their needs.

Theacceptance criteria for the project

Theacceptance criteria for the project are its ability to meet theintended outcomes — supporting healthcare by improving thedischarge process through enhanced telemedicine practices.

Theproject assumptions, risks, and constraints

Theassumption is that there will be no project success factors beyondmanagement intervention. As with any project, some potential riskswill need to be addressed. Five major risks and constrains couldaffect the project success. These risks and constraints areidentified as follows.

1.StartDelay:If the project delays to start, the completion of the entire projectwill take longer than scheduled. The delay will also escalate costoverruns, for instance, all the individuals involved in implementingthe project will need to be compensated for the long durations.

2.FundingProblems:The project implementation is costly and relies heavily on funding.For instance, a delay in funding could lead to the delay in the startof the project, resulting in associated cost overruns. Inadequate orthe lack of funding will result in failure of the project because itwill mean the employees will not be paid, while necessary types ofequipment will not be procured. Funding problems could also lead tolegal suits over delayed employee or supplier compensations.

3.Marketdynamics: Themarket of Telemedicine equipment is a dynamic one. It is primarilycharacterized by fluctuating prices. If the price of the equipmentgoes up over the course of the implementation process, the cost ofthe whole project will increase, creating cost complexitiesassociated with project implementation.

4.&nbspShareholderdisagreements:There are chances for hospitalists to differ over how the entireproject should be implemented. These disagreements might result inproject delay or even project implementation failure.

5.GovernmentBureaucracy:Regulations touching on healthcare projects are stringent and obligesimplementers to fulfill all the necessities before they can beaccorded the license. Since Telemedicine is a new healthcareinnovation and some of the relevant requirements are underdevelopment. This implies that the project implementation will needto be aware and conform to new policies, as they arise, to secure, aswell as maintain licensure.

Rolesand Responsibility of Stakeholders

Thetable below summarizes the key individuals and roles that willunderpin the project implementation process.

	Roles	Responsibilities
Project manager	Liaising with the project sponsor to define project goals, drawing budget and outlining the goals, managing consultants, and allocating resources	Team leadership and management Project monitoring and evaluation and Reporting
Project Sponsor	Commissioning the project liaising with the project manager to define project goals	Championing the projects Accountability for planned benefits of the project Communication sponsorship
Project board	Overseeing project progress Resolving strategic problems Controlling project	Change management Drawing priorities for project goals Communicating with key players
Senior Consultant or Supplier- side Project Manager	Management of the supplies	Change management Drawing priorities for project goals Communicating with key players
Project Team Members	Implement different project implementation roles	Working with the users to ensure the project fulfills the user interests and providing expertise.
Project Administrator or Co-coordinator	Main the plan for the project, make updates on the project websites and provide administrative supports	Testing documentation, and documenting and addressing quality issues
Systems Developer	Liaising with project managers to define and execute project requirements	Reporting progress and dealing with technical documentation
Systems administrators	Providing support and managing the IT systems	Managing and updating IT systems

Themode of communication with stakeholders

Themode of communication with the stakeholders will be throughcirculars, letters, and face-to-face meetings.

Part2: Project Schedule

Ganttchart

Activities involved	Duration
	2017							2018
	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan	Feb
Resource identification	●									1 month
Pre-implementation meetings		●	●							2 months
Recruitment of players			●							1 month
Recruitment of participants				●						1 month
Educational talk sessions					●					1 month
Enforcement Training workshops						●				1 month
Public workshops							●			1 month
Follow-up interviews								●	●	2 months

Techniquesused to develop the project schedule (Project Schedule)

Twoestimation techniques will be employed in developing the projectschedule. These include expert judgment and comparative estimation.

Rationalefor why these techniques will be effective

Expertjudgment and comparative estimation have various advantages. Theexpert judgment is perhaps the most common approach for schedulingand involves consulting people who have an experience in implementingsimilar project. The derivative information is reliable because it isobtained from experts. Comparative estimation entails relating theproposed project to similar past projects. This technique is alsoimportant because it generates the allowance to create knowledge frompast experiences concerning what worked and what did not work.

Part3: Strategies for Maintaining the Project Budget and discussion ofkey success factors (600 words)

Strategiesthat can be applied for due diligence and maintaining oversight ofthe project budget

Thethree strategies that would be applied to maintain oversight ofproject budget include continual budget focus, regular resource usageforecast and scope management (Koskela,2012).

Theessence of continual budget focus rests on the view that if a projectruns without frequent management of budget and re-forecasting, it hashigh chances of failure. Indeed, continual budget focus is crucialbecause it prevents costs overruns. Therefore, continual budget focusand re-focusing creates the allowance to control minor projectoverruns before they escalate, and maintain the project on track.

Regularresource usage forecast describes the process of re-vesting the useof resources to ensure that it is in tandem with the budgetaryallocations by correcting deviations. Like continual budgetrefocusing, Regular resource usage forecast aims at preventinganomalies. According to Brydeand Robinson (2015),adopting such a strategy will ensure that the project utilizes theresources optimally to meet the intended functions.

Scopemanagement describes the process of ensuring that the activities arein line with the project track events. In other words, scopemanagement strives to ensure that only critical and necessarycomponents of a project are executed, thereby avoiding the costs ofdedicating resources to noncore processes.

Challengeseach of these strategies might present and opportunities forimprovement

Continualbudget focus can be potentially constrained by market dynamics andcost of the re-budgeting processes. The success of this process canbe assured by anticipating such challenges.

Regularresource usage forecast can be constrained by fallacy planning andleadership commitment problems. The success of the outcome relies onthe ability of the project teams to anticipate these challenges andstrive to engage all the stakeholders to avoid the problems.

Scopemanagement may be impeded by changein task requirements and shifting in stakeholder demands. Thisproblem could also be addressed byanticipatingthe challenges and engaging all the stakeholders to avoid theproblems.

Thepositive outcomes that might result from each strategy

Allthe three processes are aimed at addressing different criticalsuccess factors. These processes can be easily achieved by having theright information that can be derived from different forms ofsources. The information needed for implementation of the projectwill be obtained from various sources. One of the sources is thepublications on similar projects implemented in various healthcarecontexts across the states, as well as across the world. Anothersource of information is from experts who have ever been involved inthe implementation of similar projects. It is also possible to findother forms of relevant information from libraries and governmentagencies on the requirements for successful implementation oftelemedicine. Such forms of information include laws and regulations,the standards, the findings, and future directions and guidelines.

Part4: Risk Management, Quality Management, and Sustainability

Theplan to manage project risks

First,as noted by Burke (2016), the process of risk management depends onvarious organizational factors. These include having clearly definedroles and responsibilities, technical analysis, resource equipmentand management, and leadership commitment. Therefore, part of thefocus for the present project risk management will be these areas. Using a whole system approach, all the organization processes will bealigned with project requirements.

Nevertheless,it will also be of particular interest for risk management of thecurrent project to begin by identifying different potential risks,and then devising relevant strategies to address them (Heathcote,2013). In light of this view, different risks that warrant specialattention have been identified for the present project. These includestart delay, funding problems, stakeholder disagreements, marketdynamics, and government bureaucracy. These different risks warrantdeployment of varied risk management methodologies. For instance,start delay can be addressed by agreeing on substantive issues,securing funding, and recruiting on time. Besides, stakeholderdisagreements can be addressed through improved levels ofcommunication and negotiations.

Strategiesfor managing quality within the project

Accordingto Rogove,McArthur, Demaerschalk, Vespa (2012),an elaborate quality management process should be hinged on threecore strategies: customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, andprevention-over-inspection. In light of this viewpoint, the qualitymanagement process of the current project is hinged on the threeprocesses.

CustomerSatisfaction: Customer satisfaction is lauded as the key measure of quality ofproject outcome (Association for project management, 2014). In thisregard, it is imperative for the present project management tointegrate it in the quality management process. To be able to satisfythe customers, the process of quality management will focus on theproduct and management process. In this case, the customers are thepatients using the services, while the management are the owners ofthe project. In essence, as far as customer satisfaction isconcerned, the project will be said to have satisfied the qualitycriterion if it does not only meet the needs of the patients, butalso the hospital management.

ContinuousImprovement: Asnoted by Association for project management (2014), continuousimprovement is a pivotal tenet of total quality management. Thisconcept essentially refers to the process of striving to improve theoutcomes as an ongoing measure. Although such improvements can besmall, they play a crucial role in improving the overall qualityoutcomes in an incremental basis. Continuous improvement begins byassessing emerging issues encountered in the course of the projectmanagement and then devising strategies to overcome the challenges.For the proposed project, the essence of continuous improvement is toavoid a repeat of mistakes that can potentially compromise projectquality.

Prevention-over-inspection:Thecost of quality is concerned with striving to avoid failure inoutcomes and also to prevent further unplanned expenditure such asthe costs of non-conformance and conformance.

Strategiesfor sustainability of Project

Theproposed project shall strive to realize sustainability by focusingon three factors: Economic sustainability, environmentalsustainability and social sustainability. Economic sustainabilitywill be addressed by ensuring the project does not cost too much tocompromise the ability of the organization to meet other obligations,and this will be effectively accomplished through proper budgeting.Environmental sustainability is concerned with limiting harm on theenvironment associated with project management activities. Thisprocess will be assured by conducting an environment impactassessment and taking appropriate measures to limit environmentalpollution. Lastly, social sustainability will be concerned aboutlimiting the impact of project implementation on the surroundingcommunities, a process that would be fulfilled by considering all thesocial concerns in project planning and implementation. It is hopedthat these three processes are adequate in assuring the neededsustainability (Brenner,2013).

Toolsand/or techniques for managing quality

Qualitymanagement will be guaranteed by exercising three main strategies.They include quality planning, quality assurance and quality control(Allan, 2014). Quality planning entails identifying the qualityrequirements of the project, and devising steps to achieve thoserequirements. This strategy is crucial because it serves a frameworkfor quality delivery. Quality assurance describes the stepsundertaken by project teams to ensure the project delivers qualityoutput, while quality assurance is focused on verifying the qualityof project outcome. Both quality assurance and control are crucialbecause they define the means and end processes oriented towardssatisfying project quality (AmericanProductivity &amp Quality Center, 2014).

References

Allan,B. (2014). Projectmanagement.London: Facet.

AmericanProductivity &amp Quality Center (APQC). (2014). Transformationalchange: Making it last. Houston, TX: Author.

Associationfor project management. (2014). ABM body of knowledge. 5th ed.Buckinghamshire: High Wycombe.Associationfor project management.2008. ABM body of knowledge. 6thed.Buckinghamshire:High Wycombe.

Baruth,M. Bopp, M, Webb, B. &amp Peterson, J. (2015). The Role andInfluence of Faith Leaders on Health- Related Issues and Programs intheir Congregation. JRelig Health(2015) 54:1747–1759

Brenner,S.N., (2013). The stakeholder theory of the firm and organizationaldecision making: Some propositions and a model. In: Pasquero, J.,Collins. D., (Eds.), Proceedingsof the Fourth Annual Meeting of the International Association forBusiness and Society,San Diego, 205-210. 108

Bryde,D.J.&amp Robinson, L., (2015). Client versuscontractor perspectiveson project success criteria. InternationalJournal of Project Management,23(8), 622-629.

Burke,R. (2016). Projectmanagement, Planning and control techniques.5th ed. Burke Publishing.

Heathcote,J. (2013). Contemporaryissue and project future module,Lecture note distributed in stakeholder management,at School of the Built Environment &amp Engineering, LeedsMetropolitan University, on Dec 2013.

Koskela,L. (2012). Theunderlying theory of project management is obsolete.IEEE Engineering Management Review, Vol. 36 (Issue 2).

Rogove, J. McArthur, D. Demaerschalk, M. Vespa, M. (2012). &quotBarriersto Telemedicine: Survey of Current Users in Acute Care Units&quot.Telemedicine and e-Health. 18(1): 48–53.

PediatricQuality Indicators

Nameof student:

StudentAffiliation:

Abstract

Pediatrichealthcare is a very vital aspect of the health sector, preciselybecause it deals with the most vulnerable group of patients –children. Quality health indicators, therefore, play a verysignificant role in ensuring that these groups are given the car thatthey require. This essay focuses on pediatric healthcare, outliningthe challenges faced in pediatric healthcare as well as the measuresthat should be taken to ensure Quality Health Measurement.

PediatricQuality Indicators (PDIs) are a set of standards that are used withdischarge data for admitted patients in hospitals to show the qualityof healthcare. The PDIs scan for issues that arise when a patient isadmitted or problems that may occur when a patient is enrolled in thehealthcare system. The aim of the PDIs is to prevent any issues thata patient may undergo and in return stops them in a provider orsystem level. To develop quality pediatric indicators, additional andspecial measures should be taken as compared to adult healthcare.Indicators should, therefore, be carefully designed, establishingvalidity and reliability, detecting bias and adjusting appropriaterisk while using administrative data (McManusetal., 2015).

PediatricSafety and Quality

Overthe past years, pediatric groups have joined hands to improve thequality of pediatric healthcare. This includes all activitiesassociated with reporting and processing the improvement of pediatrichealthcare. Patient safety processing seeks to reduce the hindrancesthat prevent deliverance of quality healthcare. Most emphases arelaid on medication errors, which are the most reported and the onlypotential unfavorable event in pediatric healthcare. Thoughpreventable, medical errors have a higher rate of death in childrenas compared to adult patients. 1.86 – 2.96 medical errors arereported in every 100 discharges of admitted children (Adamsetal., 2013).

ProblemsFaced by Pediatric Patients

Thefollowing are problems that are faced by pediatric patients. Theseproblems were seen to create a high-risk environment for hospitalizedchildren.

• Development: The needs of children change as they grow physically and mentally. The fluid nature of children’s growth, therefore, makes it difficult to have a general approach to pediatric safety.

• Demographics: Since children depend highly on public insurance such as Medicaid, they are more probable to experience racial and ethnic discrimination ad live in poverty.

• Dependency: Admitted children, especially the very young ones, rely highly on parents, caregivers or surrogates to express themselves comfortably. This, thus, means that their care must be confirmed as satisfactory by their caregivers at all times.

• Different Epidemiology: Most children require serious care, usually in episodes, contrary to adults who require care for chronic conditions. Planning a safe initiative is, therefore, difficult, given the episodic care that children require. [ CITATION Sus16 l 1033 ]

Measuresto Ensure Quality Pediatric Care

Toensure quality pediatric care, the following measures should be takenand adhered to.

• Pediatric healthcare workflow should be easily integrated into everyday healthcare practices. This will ensure that patients have quality healthcare at all times.

• Methods used in quality indication should be scientifically sound. This ensures the use of reliable equipment and measures.

• Pediatric Quality Measurement should be aligned with patients’ and families’ needs.

• Children and families should be the primary focus of all measurement procedures.

• Measures should be scalable and in line with future developments to enhance flexibility in change of technology

• Pediatric Quality Measurement should be in line with the decision-making procedures of the general health system. This will ensure that pediatric health improves with the same pace as other health sectors.

Conclusion

Thefragility in pediatric healthcare requires that Pediatric QualityMeasurement is done accordingly to prevent mortality in every waypossible. The same attribute makes pediatric care very complex. Toensure the best performance, the quality of staff in pediatrichealthcare should be above average. This means a staff that iscommitted to delivering quality care to the most delicate groups inhealthcare. People who advocate for pediatric health should also beavailable whenever key policies and issues are discussed.

References

Adams,S., Cohen, E., Mahant, S., Friedman, J. N., MacCulloch, R., &ampNicholas, D. B. (2013). Exploring the usefulness of comprehensivecare plans for children with medical complexity (CMC): a qualitativestudy.&nbspBMCpediatrics,&nbsp13(1),1.

Lacey,S., Smith, J. B., &amp Cox., K. (2016, April 18). PediatricSafety and Quality.Retrieved December 24, 2016, from National Center for BiotechnologyInformation: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2662/

McManus, M., White, P., Barbour, A., Downing, B., Hawkins, K., Quion, N., … &amp McAllister, J. W. (2015). Pediatric to adult transition: a quality improvement model for primary care.&nbspJournal of Adolescent Health,&nbsp56(1), 73-78.

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT 4

Child abuse and neglect affect different children in varied ways.While some children are severely affected emotionally andbehaviorally, others continue with overall development successfully.However, in most cases, abuse and neglect has substantial effects ona child’s development. The major effect is on emotionaldevelopment. Verbal and physical abuses, as well as neglect affectthe brain development. Documented research has indicated that thechildren are significantly affected by the early experiences thatthey have from family and caregivers (Wolfe, 2012). When childrenlack the relevant needs at this age, their brain development isaffected. Furthermore, physical abuse and neglect causes trauma tochildren. This may cause stress, depression, and trauma. Childrenchange their behavior and habits such as eating and playing. This mayaffect their physical growth and development as the body lacks theessential food components.

Thesis: Child abuse and neglect is illegal and it has tremendouseffects on a child’s development which could be avoided byinforming the relevant agencies and taking initiative.

There are various ways that a child who is being neglected or abusedcan be helped. Primarily, it is essential to refer such a child toany of the child protection agencies in the relevant country. It isalso prudent to ensure that the child is informed on how to stay awayfrom abuse at home. In instances where the child is physicallyinjured, it is appropriate to offer support and care needed fortreatment (Wolfe, 2012). Children help agencies have theresponsibility of protecting children from abuse and neglect.Informing such agencies would be prudent in order for them tointervene and rescue the child. The National Society for thePrevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) is one of the agencies thatcan be contacted in case a child victim of abuse and neglect isfound. Furthermore, Child Welfare is another agency that can offersubstantial support.

While concluding, it is evident that child abuse and neglect canhave significant effects on the development of a child. This may beboth physical and emotional. When children victims of neglect andabuse are found, the numerous agencies against child abuse andneglect should be contacted.

References

Wolfe, D. A. (2012).&nbspChild Abuse: Implications for ChildDevelopment and Psychopathology. Thousand OAKS: SagePublications.

GlobalGovernance, a Remote Possibility?

InstitutionAffiliations:

GlobalGovernance, a Remote Possibility?

JamesMuldoon argues that, following the Second World War II, there was apush by the Western nations to build the Westphalian nation-state. Atthe heart of this agenda was the global organization that facilitatestransnational communications and enhance multilateral collaborations.In other words, western based non-governmental organizations (NGOs)are tools used by the West to assert its global governance agenda(Mitchell, 2016). The opponents of international organizations arguethat, the international organizations suffer from inefficiency andinstead of relying on them powerful nations should use their powerto advance their global politics. Said in another way, powerfulnations should not hesitate to use military force to advance theiragenda in the event where NGOs diplomatic efforts fail.

Countriesthat share common values coalesce to form a kind of super alliance inwhich shared code of conduct defines their terms of associations.Take, for example, the United States and the European countries.International organizations from these countries have clearly definedroles in the countries they are accredited to operate (Telo, 2016).In a particular case, for instance, Egypt, the NGOs may covertlyadvance the ideals of democracy under the guise of supportingtransparency in governance. The idea of having democratic,transparent and accountable governments should be encouraged,however, when the push results in interference of sovereign nations,the efforts may be undesirable.

Thestructures established by the international organizations make theprospects of global governance viable since they form forums throughwhich countries can consult one another. The era of internet has madethe idea of multilateralism easier to achieve. Information sharingcreates awareness among citizenry concerning the need to bring aboutpositive change (Dellmuth &amp Tallberg, 2016). Global governance isalso enhanced by world politics which is influenced majorly by worldsuperpowers.

Inconclusion, the structures created by the international organizationsprovide forums for government to government interactions.Furthermore, the work of international NGOs influence governance inthe country they operate. Additionally, the new era of informationtechnology will facilitate global governance through easierinformation sharing. Therefore, the idea of global governance is notremote at all and is likely to be achieved.

References

Dellmuth,L. M., &amp Tallberg, J. (2016). Elite Communication and PopularLegitimacy in Global Governance.&nbspAvailableat SSRN.

Telò,M. (2016).&nbspGlobalisation,multilateralism, Europe: towards a better global governance? Routledge.

Mitchell,G. E. (2016). “Follow the Partners”: A Relational Ontology forNGO Studies.&nbspInternationalStudies Review,viw012.

Student Number

Address

25056100

Supervisionand Leadership

Part1

1.What, in your opinion, are the five most important questions in thequestionnaire for a leader and why?

i)What is the style of leadership used?

1. Situational leadership

2. Transformational leadership

3. Team leadership

ii)What are the characteristics of the leader?

1. Changes depending with the situation, flexibility, courage, courage, and directing

2. Good judgment, confidence, interpersonal skills, and competence

3. Communication, organization, respectful, negotiation, and influential

iii)Is communication used by the leader effective?

1. Never

2. Less effective

3. Most effective

iv)Is woman leadership valued?

1. Never

2. Almost

3. Very much

v)What is the level of involving followers in decision-making?

1. Followers are never involved

2. Followers are involved at times

3. Followers are always involved

Theabove five questions about leadership are important because they arecritical in understanding the leadership style being applied, whetherthe leadership values communication, and the place of women inleadership. Effective leadership should value women leadership andneeds to have effective communication (Shelton, 2012).

Interpretationof Results

Thecharacteristics of leaders presented in question (ii) are critical inidentifying the leadership styles presented in question (i). Thecharacteristics a, b, and c match with the leadership styles a, b,and c respectively. Thus, the leadership characteristics in (a)matches with the situational leadership, and so on. In question(iii), selecting 1 indicates that communication is not valued in theleadership 2 indicates that although communication is there, it isnot given much emphasis while 3 implies that communication isconsidered as a very vital aspect in leadership. In question (iv),selecting 1 means that women are not valued at all in leadershippositions 2 implies that women are valued as leaders but at a lowlevel while 3 indicates that women are highly valued as leaders.Alternatively, in question (v), selecting 1 indicates that followersare not in any way part of the decision-making process 2 portraysthat followers are part of the decision-making process but atselected times and 3 implies that, at all times, followers are partof the decision-making process.

2.What do your task and relationship scores indicate about yourapproach to leadership?

Fromthe analysis of the task and relationship scores, I identify with thetransformational approach to leadership.

3.Select three items from the questionnaire and describe how thiscourse has influenced your views in these areas.

Oneof the items is women leaders. From the course, I learned that theissue of women leadership is an important aspect since people tend tohold differing opinions of whether women should take up theleadership roles. Traditional views hold the perspective that womenare not supposed to hold leadership positions because they are deemednot to have leadership qualities. However, the modern views indicatethat women should, like their male counterparts, take up theleadership positions (Klenke, 2011). These opinions have influencedme in making the view that women should be in leadership. Anotheritem is the leadership ethics in leadership, ethics is exceedinglyvital. From the course, I have been influenced to make the view thatleaders are supposed to use ethics while faced with dilemmas. Theother item is culture and leadership. Culture should be integrated inleadership as it helps in identifying with certain aspects of aleader or the people being led (Swindall, 2011). The course hasinfluence me to form the view that leaders are supposed to develop aleadership culture.

PartII

FutureLeadership

Thekind of leader that I would like to become in the future is asituational leader. The position that I would like to obtain is thatof a supervisor. In this role, I will have the duty of organizingemployees and maintaining their discipline (Gilber &amp Munroe,2012). In this case, I will be in charge of the conduct of theemployees under different environments. Apart from this role, I willalso have the responsibility of ensuring that workers remainproductive under varied situations. In these two responsibilities,situational leadership would be necessary (Blanchard, Zigarmi &ampZigarmi, 2013). For instance, employees will be expected to behavedifferently under various conditions consider conduct duringteamwork and individual work. In these two environments, there willbe a variation in the behavior of the employees since they will beexposed to varied working conditions. Alternatively, in the secondrole, workers will be open to different working environments but theywould be required to maintain their productivity, despite a change inthe condition.

Whileapplying situational leadership, I will ensure that I applyleadership ethics. In this case, I will treat employees as theydeserve to be treated because they are humans with fundamental rightsthat should not be infringed. In instances where there are situationsrequiring the application of ethics, I would use the code ofprofessional ethics in ensuring that employees get the bestalternatives. This will be critical in resolving issues that willface workers without discrimination. Leadership culture will be animportant element in the situational leadership (Kennedy, 2012)therefore, I will create a culture that I will require employees tofollow in order to avoid problems that can easily be avoided byworkers. The leadership culture will help employees understand andpractice what is required of them without failure (Zumitzavan &ampMichie, 2015). In an attempt to make workers fully understand theculture, I will constantly teach them the culture. I will alsoprovide, on the website of the company that I will work for,guidelines on what is expected of workers so that, once an individualbecomes an employee of the organization, will have access to thewebsite that will provide workers with what is required of them.

Teamworkwill be a crucial aspect that I will consider in the situationalleadership. I will encourage and help employees to form workinggroups, which will be perceived as vital in the delivery of the abovementioned roles. When employees are organized into groups, they willbe in a position share ideas when placed under varied workingenvironments (Papp, 2012). The sharing of ideas will be critical inhelping employees having problems in certain areas get assistancefrom others. This will make workers remain productive. Therefore, theformation of working groups will be a crucial factor in the deliveryof the supervisory responsibilities.

Furthermore,the involvement of women in the leadership will be a vital aspect inmy role as a supervisor. Since there will be different workingenvironments, I will involve women to be leaders of the workinggroups, where they would replace their male counterparts. This willbe critical in establishing when working groups would be moreproductive during men or women as heads of the teams.

References

Blanchard,K. H., Zigarmi, D., &amp Zigarmi, P. (2013). Leadershipand the one minute manager: Increasing effectiveness throughsituational leadership II.New York, NY: William Morrow.

Gilber,K., &amp Munroe, M. (2012). Transformationalleadership: Empowering the church, transforming the nations.Portsmouth, NH: Xulon Press.

Kennedy,K. (2012). Devilin the details: The practice of situational leadership.Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.

Klenke,K. (2011). Womenin Leadership: Contextual Dynamics and Boundaries.Bradford: Emerald Group Pub.

Papp,E. (2012). Leadershipby choice: Increase productivity and effectiveness by understandingyour strengths.Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Shelton,E. J. (2012). Transformationalleadership: Trust, motivation and engagement.Bloomington, Indiana: Trafford Publishing.

Swindall,C. (2011). Engagedleadership: Building a culture to overcome employee disengagement.Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Zumitzavan,V., &amp Michie, J. (2015). Personalknowledge management, leadership styles, and organisationalperformance: A case study of the healthcare industry in Thailand.Singapore : Springer.