Day: May 2, 2020

Student’sName Instructor’s Name Course Date

JazzDance: Description, History, and Relevance

Jazzdance is a genre that presents the originality and individual styleof the performer. It illustrates rapid, sensual, rhythmic, and sharpmovements. The dance traces its origin from African roots. In itsfullness, it is a continuum of the healthy relationship between thedances of Black Americans and traditional African cultures and theassociated influence of both dances on American theatrical, social,and popular dance. The traditions contained in West African culturesare the roots of jazz dance. According to the Guarino and Wendy (4),culture, dance, and music are functional aspects of the daily life ofpeople. Therefore, jazz music expresses the sorrows, joy, anddifferent life passages experienced by individuals. The developmentof jazz dance occurred on the plantations (Guarino and Wendy 4). Inessence, the Black Americans used the dance to communicate theirsorrows to their master’s. Years later the White population alsoembraced the dance. Nevertheless, the acceptance of the dance byWhite Americans necessitated for a “cleaning up” of the dance bymaking it less sensual and more dignified. In essence, it evolvedthrough either blending or appropriation from the viewer`sperspective.

Theevolution of jazz dance took place majorly between the 1890s and1930s. Black dancers embraced the Eurocentric verticality of theclosed ballroom position and their Cakewalks. A combination of joyousdance sensuality and black musicals in the 1920s resulted intochoreographed segments that replaced the improvisation of Africans.Therefore, the evolved jazz dance contained both European and Africandance elements. The creativity and vernacular dance of the BlackAmericans had a rich influence on the White’s during the evolutionperiod. In essence, it is proper to regard jazz dance as the productof the interplay between circumstances during its development period. The changes in conditions and time led to the absorption of newrealities by the jazz dance genre and music. A proper view of purejazz should include the inching together of European and culturalforces towards a common space and time in the USA. As the twodisparate cultures move closer to the shared space and time, theygathered speed until the point where they merged to form pure jazzwitnessed between 1910 and 1930. During the period, the Americansocial jazz dance exhibited the closest resemblance to its NewOrleans roots. This was the era of the Snake Hips, Lindy, Charleston,among other vernacular styles (Guarino and Wendy 9).

Thehistory of jazz music determines the history of jazz dance. Theevolution of jazz dance until the 1970s is complex. The evolution ofjazz dance reveals multiple aesthetic approaches, dance and musicalentities, cultural fluidity, and interactions. It can be stated thatdiscovery and experimentation gave rise to jazz dance. The growthentailed the embracing and absorption of diverse influences whilemaintaining individualistic freedom and expression. The history ofJazz reveals evolving ideas, meanings, movements, sounds, values,pluralities, contradictions, contestations, and the multipleconstructions of what constitutes the dance. Therefore, vernaculardance and music and African-American folk dance blended to form jazzthrough a creative inspiration process. The initial dances integratedimprovisation besides including the community’s power to includeindividual creativity using human experience and storytelling. Duringthe evolution period, there was an increase in opportunities forpresentational performance and venues for African-American dancersand musicians as well as dance troupes. These factors acted asincubators of the dancing talent. The African propulsive rhythms andmovements were still evident in the dances (Guarino and Wendy 45).However, the dances maintained the solo style used by White dancesindicating a blend of Black and White cultures.

Theentire world recognizes jazz dance because of its rich culturalheritage that originates from the African-American experience. Thedance has continuously reflected the American culture ever since itsinception in the 1920s. The form of dance and music stands out as theonly true and original American form of art to date. Jazz alsoprovides insights into values such as freedom with responsibility,teamwork, the correlation of goal accomplishment and hard work, unitywith ethnic diversity, and most importantly, the American spirit. Inessence, studying jazz dance enables students to appreciate,understand and respect America’s cultural heritage.

Thegenre also provides a real democratic example by communicatingindividual freedom but heightening the crucial role played bypersonal responsibility (JIA 1). Being a form of music and dance andbecause Americans love to dance and music, jazz also entertains thesociety. However, showbiz is not the primary goal of the jazz dance.It has turned out to be a critical component of the US culture andthe American life itself. This provides a solid explanation for thedecision of the US magazines, newspapers, and televisions to allocateconsiderable space and time to jazz material.

Conclusion

Thedefining attributes of Jazz dance explain its increasing prominencein the society today. Rather than mere entertainment, the dance aimsat intensifying the emotions that listeners interpret from the music.The paper underscores the fact that Jazz dance is a significant genrein entertainment.

WorksCited

Guarino,Lindsay, and Wendy Oliver. JazzDance.University Press of Florida. 2014. Print.

Jazzin America (JIA). Jazz In America Philosophy. Thelonious MonkInstitute of Jazz. 2016.&lthttp://www.jazzinamerica.org/Overview/Philosophy&gt

BattleCry

BattleCry

Thebook “BattleCry”by Leon Uris provides the real picture regarding the challenges themilitary undergo in their efforts to protect a nation. Theinteresting part of the book is the fact that Uris was a Marine,implying the book has less fiction but more reality in the scenarios.Wars are complicated events in human life. People, especially theleaders, argue that going to war with others deliver positive resultsin the end. They do not take into consideration that life is lost inthe process. In the book, Uris explains how the Second World Warbrought together men from different states in the United States(U.S.) and enlisted as Marines. The men bonded under a tough veteransergeant to become the most dominant force in the battlefields suchas Tarawa and Guadalcanal (Uris, 2005). Uris ensures there is theapplication of humor and sadness to bring out the kind of life theMarines went through in the battle. One can quickly appreciate thecontribution of the Marines to the peace that exists in the nationafter reading the book.

Someof the characters in the book include Mac, Lumberjack, FeatherMerchant, Professor, Burnley, Seabags, Danny and Levin among others(Uris, 2005). The Marines bonded in a way that one would presume thatthey knew each other since childhood. Their love and haterelationships kept pushing them forward, encouraging and giving themhope. The Marines lived a life full of uncertainties. They weretasked with protecting their immediate mates the death of onepartner meant weakness in the team. Uris wrote the book to remindpeople that the freedom recently enjoyed was not free. Theysacrificed their youths as they enlisted in the Marines at 18 yearswith the objective of protecting America from external harm (Uris,2005).

Reference

Uris,L. (2005). BattleCry.New York: Avon Books.

TheWarrior Ethos

TheWarrior Ethos

Inthe short book “TheWarrior Ethos,”Steven Pressfield provides insightful information on what constitutesa warrior, both in the past and present world. The book is morecentered on the West and Spartans who are known for their combatprowess and strategies (Pressfield, 2011). Noably, Pressfield wrotethe book with a motive to appeal to everyone in the society. Peoplego through a lot in their day-to-day activities. Day-to-day strugglessuch as diseases and poverty are common in the world. The book triesto motivate individuals that the challenges are part of life and thatit is vital to have the warrior mentality. Pressfield looks at theevolution of the warrior code of honor and its application inaddressing the challenges in the modern world. Warrior ethos isconcerned about the significance of courage, sacrifice, and adversityon individuals (Pressfield, 2011). The warrior mentality enablespeople to have the courage and ability to sacrifice for thewell-being of others in the community.

However,one may argue that Pressfield did not delve deep enough into the wayof life and how the Spartan warrior came to be on the battlefield.The author has only used the positive attributes of the Spartans andleft out the adverse attributes (Pressfield, 2011). A warrior issupposed to help the society by improving their well-being throughsupport initiatives such as training. A perfect example of a heroincludes the nongovernmental institutions since they provide themuch-needed assistance to the vulnerable individuals. Pressfield’sassertions that it is the role of a warrior ethos to respectcivilians is misplaced in real life. In the past and present, thecivilians are most affected by the actions of warriors. Spartansexploited children, broke up families, and despised the physicallydisabled. Additionally, the invasion of Vietnam by the Americanmilitary saw the death of many villagers.

Reference

Pressfield,S. (2011).&nbspTheWarrior Ethos.Black Irish Entertainment LLC.

Name 6

EssayQuestions

Question1: Why Alexander calls the mass incarceration “the New Jim Crow”

Alexandercalls the process of mass incarceration “the New Jim Crow”because both of them have a lot of similarities. The most importantsimilarity is the fact that both of them involved the race-baseddiscrimination that affected the African Americans in a negative way.For example, the term Jim Crow is used to refer to a series of lawsthat were established between 1877 and the 1960s that depicted theblacks as second class U.S. citizens (Alexander Study Guide, Page15). Similarly, the ongoing mass incarceration has resulted in adisproportionate imprisonment of the African Americans. It isestimated that the anti-drug laws have subjected three quarters ofthe black youths to the risk of being incarcerated at a point intheir lives (Alexander, page 7), in spite of the fact that theirwhite counterparts consumer cocaine seven times more than them(Alexander, page 4). Therefore, both the Jim Crow and massincarceration were sponsored by the government through the laws thatresulted in a disproportionate impact on the black Americans.

However,the two phenomena differ because Jim Crow affected how blacks couldinteract with whites in social and official settings, while the massincarceration resulted in unfair imprisonment of the AfricanAmericans. Therefore, their difference can be attributed to thepurpose of the laws developed to facilitate them. The application ofa metaphor is the most appropriate method used by Alexander todescribe the similar characteristics of Jim Crow and massincarceration.

Question2: Where the New Jim Crow came from

Thenew Jim Crow started in the mid 1980s, following the establishment ofthe laws that could help the country deal with the menace of drug use(Alexander Study Guide Page 3). Although the objective ofestablishing the new laws was to enable the U.S. to stop the drugbusiness, the legislation gave enforcers the means and powers tocrack down on individuals and communities in search for drugs. Thesearch was skewed towards the people of color, especially the blackAmericans. This created a scenario in which more than 90 % of theincarcerated people are black Americans while the majority of drugtraffickers and sellers are white (Alexander Study Guide Page 11). Therefore, the occurrence of the New Jim Crow can be attributed tothe development of anti-drug laws that gave enforcers excess powersto search and arrest the blacks.

FromAlexander’s explanation, race-based social control has been partand parcel of the history of the U.S. The achievement made inbringing racial equality through the civil rights laws developed in1964 forced this old habit of discriminating against the blacks todie hard (Alexander Study Guide Page 15). Therefore, it can be arguedthat the reason for the mass incarceration to begin when it did wasto continue the old habit that has been entrenched in the Americansociety. This is confirmed by the fact that the war on drug, whichwas the primary cause of the New Jim Crow, was started at a time whendrug-related crimes were on the decline (Alexander Study Guide Page8).

Question3: Alexander’s argument about the origin of War on Drug

Alexander’sview suggests that the War on Drug is a process that has served as acontinuation of Jim Crow and Slavery. These arguments suggest thatshe agrees on the fact that drug crime was a real social challengewhen the war was started. However, she argues that it was initiatedat a time when the drug-related crimes were reducing (Alexander, page7). Therefore, the origin of the war was based on the right motives,but the measures put in place turned out to be discriminatory innature. This confirms that the desire to develop programs to fightthe drug users as well as traffickers was motivated by the need toput the people of color under control. In addition, the fact that theincarcerated blacks are denied the chance to engage in the votingexercise suggests that the origin of the war could have beenpolitically motivated.

Question4: Beneficiaries of the new Jim Crow

Thestates as well as the local governments were the major interestgroups that benefited from the new Jim Crow. Initially, thesegovernments were reluctant to embrace the War on Drug, but they weregiven a lot of incentives that motivated them to be part of theprocess. For example, they were promised cash grants as long as theywere willing to ensure that drug laws were given a priority(Alexander, page 15). It is estimated that the agencies that agreedto make drug laws a priority were given a total of 3.4 millionmilitary equipment, including helicopters, aircrafts, grenadelaunchers, and rifles (Alexander, page 73). In addition, the federalgovernment allowed the states as well as the local agencies to retainabout 80 % of all assets that they seized from the drug kingpins,which was a significant benefit to them (Alexander, page 15). Theywere also helped in the construction of new and modern prisonfacilities in order to help them accommodate the new inmates. Thepolitical class that was mainly composed of the white peoplebenefited a lot from the new Jim Crow. The black Americans who wereincarcerated were denied their voting rights, which imply that theycould not support their fellow African Americans during elections.This was an indirect benefit in favor of the white politicians.

Question5: Individuals and groups harmed by the new Jim Crow

Thenew Jim Crow harmed individuals and groups of people. Although theprogram was initiated with the objective of making the U.S. adrug-free society, it affected the people of colordisproportionately. The right of the affected individuals to have afair representation was denied, especially when they came from poorfamilies. It is estimated that over 80 % of suspects of the drugtrafficking business or substance abuse are unable to hire competentlawyers (Alexander, page 18). These people are represented by publicattorneys, who are underpaid and overworked. This denies them theopportunity to defend their cases in a manner that will help themfind justice. In addition, there are many suspects who are put intojails without speaking to their lawyers, which is an outright denialof legal rights. This has resulted in the unfair conviction andincarceration of innocent people. Individual people of color who areincarcerated are denied their democratic rights since they are notallowed to vote. Consequently, the community of black Americans isdenied a chance to have a voice in the U.S. politics since a largepercentage of its potential voters are incarcerated. The new Jim Crowis also characterized by unreasonable searches that affect the peopleof color disproportionately.

Question6: The Harvest of Empire and immigration crisis

Gonzalezargues that the current wave of immigration is a direct result of thehistorical interventions of the U.S. in Latin America. This argumentis based on the fact that the U.S. managed to occupy the SouthAmerican countries (such as Mexico and Dominican Republic), whichincreased poverty among citizens. The impoverished citizens chose toemigrate towards the north in search for better lives (Gonzalez, page5). This created a perception that immigration was a viable safetyvalve for countries that were initially dominated by the U.S. (Yaydocumentary). A suitable example that illustrates the connectionbetween the U.S. interventions and immigration of Latinos into theU.S. is the movement of Gonzalez’s parents. The author explainsthat the occupation of Puerto Rico by the U.S. left his parents poorto an extent that his father became an alcoholic. His family had tomove to the U.S. in order to escape poverty and be part of theAmerican dream.

WorksCited

Alexander,M. TheNew Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.New York, NY: The New Press, 2012. Print.

Alexander,M. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.PPTPart II.

Alexander,M. TheNew Jim Crow Study Guide.Chicago: Book Rags, Inc. 2015. Print.

Alexander,M. The New Jim Crow Study Guide, n.d. Print.

Gonzalez,J. Harvestof empire: A history of Latinos in America.London: Penguin Books, 2012. Print.

Yay,C. Harvest of Empire (2011). YouTube.8 October. 2014. Web. 19 December 2016.

My brother Johnscored good grades many times in high school. My parents told himupon becoming the best in class he will be taken on an internationaltrip. During his second year, before reaching home, he happilytelephoned my parents and informed them he was the first in theclass. With my younger brother, we quickly printed a document showingJohn will be taken to France in the following month. When Johnreached home, we greeted him happily and praised him for the greatsuccess. In addition, we tricked that our parents had spent two hoursorganizing for his trip to France and showed him a printed copy. Johnwas filled with joy as he jumped up and down.

For the rest of the evening, John was very happy waiting for myparents to thank them for organization his trip to France. With mybrother, we were high excited for tricking John successfully. In theevening, John approached our parents thanking them for the ‘trip.`My parents were shocked and informed John they had not organized forany trip. Thou it was intended to be a joke, it had a greatpsychological effects on John. He treated us with hatred and wassilent for two days. In addition, my parents quarreled with us forthe action. They were greatly disturb as they worked hard to plan foran unexpected trip immediately for John in an effort to please him.Later, we realized the emotional pain we had caused to the family andapologized. Thou practical jokes release joy to the organizers or theviewers. In many case they are harmful to the victims. As a result,practical jokes are not good for close friends or family members dueto their likely negative emotional effects.

REVIEW 1

‘RedBadge of Courage’ Book Review

‘Red Badge of Courage’ Book Review

We all have highexpectations when joining a career of our passionate dream. The book‘Red Badge of Courage’ reflects Henry Fleming who upheld numerousblind expectations after joining the Union Army (Crane, 2005). Hecraved for quick success and glory to show off to the community,friends and family members. Nevertheless, the army encounters manyrisks such as disgusting wounds and deaths with limited successdepending on the level of training. Since armies engage in acompetition to defend the welfare of their countries, most of themcare less about glory. The glory of an army is much celebrated by thecitizens as opposed to any members of the army.

Henry’s wrongperception proved to be inapplicable immediately he approached thebattle. When he saw the adversaries approaching, the fear of deathengulfed Henry. Petrified, Henry fired blindly and retreated when theenemies drew near. Henry’s regiment fought with determination suchas Jim Conklin, Simpson and Wilson (Crane, 2005). For instance, thebattle left Simpson with fatal wounds while Conklin succumbed tomortal injuries. Upon being asked by his suffering friends where hehad been shot, Henry resulted to shame and could not utter any word.

It is important foran individual to make decisions after an experience. Human beingsharbor dreams of succeeding in the field of their careers, butexperience strengthens and gives one a renewed spirit. Henryreceived invaluable courage from his fellow officer Wilson whodespite fearing death, did not delay to confront the enemy. Later,Henry hated being fearful and fought with an admirable spirit duringthe following battles. In addition, was promoted to assist thelieutenant in the forthcoming fierce battles as he became prudent andaggressive in battles. Consequently, the greatness of a man is testedin real life challenges.

Reference

Crane, S.(2005).&nbspThered badge of courage.Penguin.

REFLECTION 1

Artof War

‘’ is among the most insightful books to have ever beenwritten under the sun by Sun Tzu. Sun Tzu was a renowned militaryleader in China, and he succeeded in countless battles. He produced amasterpiece to guide successive military leaders and ensure theirvictory. The 33 philosophies of Sun Tzu have found wide applicationin the current world in businesses and modern wars. The paperdiscusses various philosophies developed by Tzu and theirapplications.

As discussed by Sunthe greatest wars are won by the mind and not massive force. Sunadvised military leaders to appear weak when they are strong anddisplay courage when they have weaknesses in their group. The secretsof military groups should be as dark as night to send the enemy intoconfusion (Sun, 2015). As emphasized by Sun, if one perfectly knowshis adversary and knows the preparation of his soldiers, the resultsof a hundred battles are predictable. By establishing a business inthe current world, one is met by severe competition. By reflecting onthe advice of Sun, a business manager is able to spend considerabletime learning the tactics of his competitors. In addition, one isable to improve on his weaknesses without wasting resources onuncountable advertisements.

Sun advisesindividuals to determine the best time to engage in a fight and knowhow to handle inferior and superior forces. The leader should treatsoldiers or his /her workforces with compassion for them to accompanyhim in the deepest valley. Additionally, Sun urges leaders to makecomprehensive plans before participating in the war, as victories arewon first in mind before the actual war. Sun philosophies areinvaluable in personal life, businesses and battles as they enableindividuals to envision the principles of success. Embracing Sun Tzuadvice is a sure way to success.

References

SunTzu, (2015).&nbspTheart of war.Sheba Blake Publishing.

GlobalClimate Issues

Climatechange is “a long-term shift in weather conditions identified bychanges in temperature, precipitation, winds, and other indicatorsand can involve both changes in average conditions and changes invariability,” (Bulkeley4). Climate and its effects adversely affect human lives. Thus, it hasbecome important that every person understands the nature of climatebecause it is critical for a nation’s economy and the livingconditions.

Overthe years, scientists have been able to study climate, and they foundout that it naturally varies from time to time in history due tochanging weather patterns. Climate change and its impacts have beendirectly related to human activities particularly in theircontribution to the greenhouse gases which brings about globalwarming. Apart from human activities, natural events also contributeto climate change though in a smaller percentage. The effects ofclimate change have been increasingly felt for the past few yearssince its impacts have greatly grown and it continues to impact humanlives now and in future.

Overthe past 100 years, the earth’s temperature especially in the PolarRegions has increased from 0.4 to 0.8 °C(Scientific American).This is due to the gradual increase in temperatures of the earthatmosphere because of the escalation in greenhouse gases. As aresult, the polar ice is melting at a high rate and causes the sealevels to rise initiating the displacement of many people who livealong the coastal regions. Moreover, aquatic ecosystems have alsochanged which forces most species to move to other regions in searchof conducive and favorable conditions and others die because theycannot survive.

MajorCauses of Climate Change

Theglobe’s energy balance has been termed as the main reason thatcauses climate to change. Its long-term condition and temperatures“are regulated by the balance between the outgoing and the incomingenergy which is affected by both human activities and naturalprocesses,” (Bulkeley16)Some natural factors that affect climate by releasing greenhousegases for a shorter period include the variations in water tides,volcanic eruptions, animals and plant respirations andocean-atmosphere circulations.

Mosthuman activities directly or indirectly contribute to the change inclimate by increasing the average global temperatures. This is causedby “emitting greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, andNitrous Oxide into the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels,”agricultural activities, transportation and changes in land use amongother activities which has been happening for a very long time now(Bulkeley17).

Moreover,since the emergence of industrialization, and the need for people tocreate jobs, improve their living standards and meet the increasingdemands of the population, many businessmen have started up factoriesas they cleared forests so as to get land to inhabit as a result,they have destroyed vegetation that acts as carbon sinks, which has,in turn, increased the levels of CO₂in the atmosphere (ScientificAmerican).As a result, many people have moved to urban areas in search of jobs,the effect has been increase in the growth of industries to providework for them.

Despitethe fact that these factories help to improve human’s livingstandards by providing jobs and source of income, they emit gasesinto the atmosphere such as CO₂and CO among others, which absorb and store ultra violet rays andenergy that cause global warming. Most people unaware of the effectsof their activities to the earth’s climate have increased theirinvolvement in businesses that emit gases to the atmosphere such asthe construction of more factories and infrastructure.

AccordingScientificAmerican,“human activities currently release more than 30 billion tons ofCO2 into the atmosphere every year.” Additionally, studies foundout that by 2050, the amounts of gas emission in the atmosphere fromindustries and transportation sector will be massive which willincrease the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Theconsequence of this has been that this gases act as a black as theyabsorb energy and in turn warm the earth resulting in hightemperatures.

Effectsof climate change

Theeffects of climate change have been felt in all aspects of life suchas socially, economically and environmentally. Studies state that infuture the effects of climate change will be great than they aretoday (ScientificAmerican).Some of the potential effects that will increase include frequentwildfires, more health issues such as skin cancer due to thedestruction of the ozone layer, frequent droughts that take a longtime and the growth in the number, duration, and intensity oftropical storms among others.

Theearth temperature is increasing slightly. During the 20th century,the earth’s temperature increased by almost 1 degree Fahrenheitwhich people view as insignificant, but it is a very unusual eventbecause it causes enormous changes to the environment (OECD).There are a lot of environmental effects that have been felt due toclimate change(Maslin 23).Glaciers have shrunk, trees are blooming sooner, accelerated the risein sea levels, more intense heat waves and a shift in animal andplant ranges.`

Moreover,climate change has affected the nation’s economy. The meltingglaciers have made the seas levels to rise, causing floodsdestruction along the sea shores, which halter business operations,transport and communication systems. The consequences anddestructions of environment due to wildfires, droughts, extremestorms and floods are immense, and extensive repair and rebuilding ofinfrastructure such as roads, airport runways, dams, power lines,railroad tracks, bridges and homes, which is expensive, is needed.People also lost their productivity in their work and even ineducation due to disruptions as some side effects of climate changesuch as tsunamis and typhoon lead to closure of businesses andschools. Increased rainfall and snowstorms also cause delay toplanting and harvesting seasons, which most nations especiallydeveloping countries depend on as a result, the country’s economyis affected (Maslin28).

Moreover,climate change causes mass migration where people, birds and animalsmove in search of favorable conditions. As a result, people causesocial disruptions, which may lead to civil unrest. Animals and birdsalso may be forced to move from one region to another in search offavorable conditions which makes other tourists destinations to beclosed down. This also impacts the economy since tourists will moveto other countries where they can enjoy different attractions.

Climatechange has also impacted those who depend on agricultural productsfor a living. Crops productivity is threatened by changingprecipitation shift in climate zones, and high temperatures. Thiscauses national food insecurity and increase in global prices forfood. During floods and droughts, the inequality gap between the poorand the rich widens during this period since the disadvantaged groupwill remain in wait of donors and other sources of help while therich will continue to make money to upgrade their lives.

Inmost developing countries, children and the elderly are the mostsusceptible group to the health issues that are associated withclimate. Many cases of malnourishment due to an increase in foodprices and scarcity are commonly experienced. Livestock and plantsalso die because of the scorching sun and lack of water to sustainthem.

Howeverto curb climate change some alternative sources of energy includetidal, solar and wind energy which does not release any harmful gasto the atmosphere. Substitute forms of transport also such as masstransportation, cycling, and walking can help in reducing gasemission. People should also “think green” when purchasing a carby ensuring that the car will last for long and have less impact onthe environment. Furthermore, people should purchase gadgets that areenergy efficient which saves both money and energy. Cessation ofvegetation clearing which acts as carbon sinks also will reduce theamounts of CO₂in the atmosphere(Scientific American).According to studies, 33 million acres of forest are cleared everyyear. In the tropics, wood harvest contributes to 1.5 million metrictons of CO₂and represents 20% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activities(Scientific American).

Conclusion

Addressingthe issues of climate is a tremendous concern which requires thecontribution of every citizen to eradicate it. Most of our leadersare oblivious to the issues of climate, and as a result, there arefewer actions done towards the eradication of global warming.Therefore, it’s crucial that citizens are made aware and educatedon the issues of climate which will go a long way in curbing themenaces that come with climate change.

WorksCited

Bulkeley,Harriet. Citiesand Climate Change.1st&nbsped., Routledge,&nbsp2013.

Maslin,Mark. ClimateChange: A Very Short Introduction.3rd&nbsped., Oxford,&nbsp2014.

Organizationfor Economic co-operation and Development (OECD). &quotCIP’sContribution to the Global Agenda: Economic Development SocialInclusion Environmental Sustainability.&quot&nbspOECDand post-2015 reflection,&nbsp2013.

ScientificAmerican. &quotDeforestation and Its Extreme Effect on GlobalWarming.&quot ScientificAmerican,&nbsp2015,www.scientificamerican.com/article/deforestation-and-global-warming/.Accessed 19&nbspDec.&nbsp2016.

Anatomyand Physiology- T-tubules

Atraverse tubule (T-tubule) is a deep invagination found within thesarcolemma. Sarcolemma refers to the plasma membrane, both of thecardiac and skeletal muscle cells. They surround the sarcoplasmicreticulum sheaths, and they are further fragmented into myoglobin andthe mitochondrion. As they create invaginations, the t-tubules giveroom for permeation of impulses within the cell membrane. Thisprocess activates and ultimately excites the sarcoplasmic reticulum.Ones activated, the sarcoplasmic reticulum reacts by creating anetwork around the delicate myofibrils that are responsible for thestorage and releasing of essential calcium supplies that are used inthe contraction of the muscles. The t-tubules play a pivotal role inthe transmission and reception of data in the course of directing theelectrical impulses. In the receiving part, they make it possible forcalcium to be infiltrated in the L-type Calcium Channels. Thechannels after absorbing calcium, they transmit it to thecalcium-release channels that enable the skeletal muscles tocontract.

Severalimpacts may be felt by a person having malfunctioning T-tubules.First, the contractions of the muscles will be prolonged. Thiscondition is common in the leg muscles, hands and the face. In theearly stages, the person may experience breathing complications,muzzling, movements that are stiff that are likely to improve afterbeing repeated and falling frequently. Furthermore, the person canface difficulties in opening their eyelids after vigorouscontractions.

Thereare also several complications attributed to this condition. One maysuffer injuries due to falling, weaknesses in the abdominal muscles,and prolonged complications in the joints. Besides, due to theswallowing difficulties, one is likely to suffer from aspirationpneumonia and recurrent choking. Gagging complications are alsocommon among infants.

Anatomyand Physiology- Corpus Callusum

Acorpus callosum is a group of fibers of the nervous system that existin the brain. These fibers connect the two hemispheres of the brain.This band is responsible for the transmission of the informationbetween the two halves. Besides, it also helps in spreading ofseizure impulses from one-half of the brain to the other. A corpuscallosotomy is a form of surgery that involves the cutting of thecorpus callosum. The operation interrupts the spread of seizures fromone-half to the other. Although the seizures do not completely stopafter the surgery, the severity becomes less since they cannot bepassed to the other part of the brain and only continues on the sideof the brain, from which they originate. However, the process haseffects on the nervous, motor and the sensory systems.

Inthe neurological aspect, research indicates that there is thefunctional restructuring of the nervous system as a way ofcompensating for the lost or the thinned segments of the corpuscallosum. Nevertheless, the most common complications from theprocess are related to speech irregularities and the inability todetect items using the left hand. One can also fail to writealphabetical letters using the left hand. The surgery can be followedby a short period of being mute. Other symptoms include the visualfield dyslexia in the left side, ideomotor dyspraxia of the upperleft limb, anomia of the left hand, optical ground dysnomia of theleft side and the suppression of the left ear in the process ofdichotic listening challenges. The National Institute of Healthasserts that indeed the posterior part of the corpus callosum plays acritical role in connecting the visual and the motor responses.